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Anatomy & Physiology I > Ch. 3 Cells (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Cells (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main components of the lipid bilayer?

A

1) Phospholipids
2) Glycolipids
3) Cholesterol

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2
Q

What is the difference between channel and carrier proteins?

A

Channel - forms hydrophilic pores in membrane to facultatively diffuse molecules down the concentration gradient

Carrier - bind and physically move substances up and down the concentration gradient

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3
Q

What is the function of a glycoprotein?

A

Cell-to-cell recognition e.g. for organ/tissue rejection

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4
Q

Law stating that molecules move from an area of greater to lesser concentration until equally distributed.

A

What is the law of diffusion?

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5
Q

What 5 factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

1) Concentration gradient
2) Size
3) Shape
4) Polarity
5) Temperature

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6
Q

The net movement of water molecules from a greater to lesser water concentration region.

A

What is osmosis?

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7
Q

Define isotonicity, hypertonicity, and hypotonicity.

A

Isotonicity - same concentration of solutes and fluid inside and outside of the cell
Hypertonicity - greater concentration of solutes than fluid outside of the cell
Hypotonicity - lesser concentration of solutes than fluid outside of the cell

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8
Q

What is the difference between passive and active transport in terms of the concentration gradient?

A

Passive - goes w/ concentration gradient
Active - goes against concentration gradient

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9
Q

The Na/K/ATPase pump utilizes { } transport and contributes to maintaining the cell membrane { }.

A

1) Active
2) Potential

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10
Q

What is the ratio of K moved in to Na moved out via the Na/K pump?

A

2 K in to 3 Na out

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11
Q

What is the purpose of bulk transport?

A

To move large molecules or quantities across the cell membrane

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12
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis - nonspecific intake of food particles

Receptor-mediated endocytosis - very specific; uses special receptor proteins to carry large particles across cell membrane

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13
Q

Exocytosis secretes materials using the { } apparatus.

A

Golgi

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14
Q

Meaning self-eating, an intracellular degradation system wherein organic material is recycled into small monomers.

A

What is autophagy?

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15
Q

Which organelle is responsible for autophagy?

A

Lysosome

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16
Q

What are the 4 components of the nucleus?

A

1) Bilayered nuclear envelope
2) Pores
3) Chromatin
4) Nucleolus

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope?

A

To separate nuclear contents from cytoplasm

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18
Q

What is the purpose of nuclear pores?

A

To regulate the passage of mRNA since DNA is too big to pass through

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19
Q

What is the purpose of chromatin?

A

To wrap DNA around histones to fit in the nucleus

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the nucleolus?

A

Site of ribosome synthesis

21
Q

What are the 2 types of ribosomes and their purposes?

A

Free - make proteins for cell
Attached - make proteins to be used by other cells

22
Q

Name 1 function of the smooth ER.

A

Make liver enzymes to detox blood (within hepatocytes)

23
Q

What is the main difference in function between the rough and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER has the same function across all cells while smooth ER has different functions across different cells

24
Q

Under what condition will ribosomes attach to the rough ER membrane?

A

If the 20 amino acid signal sequence is present on the ribosome

25
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Packaging and distribution

26
Q

What are the 2 faces of the Golgi apparatus, along with their functions?

A

Cis - receives & chemically modifies proteins (cleaving amino acids or adding carb chains)

Trans - Packages protein in vesicles for exocytosis

27
Q

Lysosomes are vesicles formed by the { } apparatus and contain { } enzymes.

A

1) Golgi
2) Hydrolytic

28
Q

The site of cellular respiration.

A

What are mitochondria?

29
Q

What makes the mitochondria so unique?

A

It is a semiautonomous organelle with its own genome and is enveloped in a double membrane bilayer

30
Q

What is the purpose of cristae in mitochondria?

A

To increase surface area

31
Q

The cytoskeleton consists of thin { } radiating from the nucleus to the plasma membrane.

A

Proteins

32
Q

Name 3 structural components of the cytoskeleton.

A

1) Microtubules
2) Microfilaments
3) Intermediate filaments

33
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

To serve as a network for maintaining cell shape/movement

34
Q

Centrosomes are paired clusters of { } generating spindle organization in { }.

A

1) Centroids
2) Cell division

35
Q

These small, hairlike structures are numerous and help filter out bad particles from the respiratory tract.

A

What are cilia?

36
Q

Cilia are useful because they increase the {
} of the cell membrane.

A

Surface area

37
Q

How are flagella useful to sperm cells?

A

They provide movement

38
Q

Little shaggy hairs found in the kidney tubules.

A

What are microvilli?

39
Q

Why are microvilli important in general?

A

To increase surface area for optimal absorption

40
Q

Why are microvilli important to the kidney tubules?

A

The sheer amount of fluid that needs filtering requires the kidneys to have adequate surface area

41
Q

Process by which DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated to protein.

A

What is protein synthesis?

42
Q

Sequence of nucleotides that generates a unique polypeptide.

A

What is a gene?

43
Q

3 nucleotides code for 1 { }.

A

Amino acid

44
Q

Which type of RNA takes place in transcription?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

45
Q

What are the 2 key steps in transcription?

A

1) mRNA from DNA
2) mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome

46
Q

Name the 3 stages of translation.

A

1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination

47
Q

Describe translation in a raunchy way using these 5 analogies:

1) Ribosome is the pimp
2) mRNA is the money
3) tRNA is the hoe
4) Amino acids are gold
5) Polypeptides are the gold reserve

A

The pimp (ribosome) counts the money (3 bases at a time i.e. codon). The hoe (tRNA) brings the pimp an item of equal value per 3 nucleotide bases. This item (amino acid) is a gold brick. Each money set is different, so the hoe brings a differently labeled brick every time. These bricks add up to make a gold-backed reserve (polypeptide).

48
Q

Name 2 ways attachment proteins form connections.

A

1) Cell to cell
2) Cell to extracellular matrix

49
Q

Name 2 examples of attachment proteins.

A

Cadherins & integrins

Anatomy & Physiology I (29 decks)

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