Ch. 2 Chemistry (Exam 1) Flashcards
Stuff that takes up space and has mass as a solid, liquid, or gas.
What is matter?
The smallest unit of matter that retains physical and chemical properties of that substance.
What is an atom?
Quantity of matter composed of the same atoms.
What is an element?
What are the 4 essential elements of almost all life?
H, O, N, & C
Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
What is a molecule?
Composed of 2 or more different atoms.
What is a compound?
The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus represents that element’s…
Atomic number
Where will you find an atom’s electrons?
Floating around the atom’s nucleus on orbitals
How many protons & electrons will a neutral atom have?
Equal amounts of protons & electrons
What does the octet rule state?
A full valence shell is the most stable/inert/unreactive
Where will you find valence electrons?
On the outermost orbital
Electrons are transferred from metal to nonmetal in this type of chemical bond.
What is ionic?
Electron donors become…
Cations
Electron acceptors become…
Anions
A pair or more valence electrons are shared between nonmetal atoms in this chemical bond.
What is covalent?
A single bond shares { } pair of electrons.
1
A double bond shares { } pairs of electrons.
2
A triple bond shares { } pairs of electrons.
3
When atoms share electrons equally, they form a { } covalent bond.
Nonpolar
When an atom attracts shared elements more strongly than others, this dipole moment forms a { } covalent bond.
Polar
While not a true bond, this chemical interaction results from polar covalent bonds establishing a slight/partial positive charge in hydrogen, which then interacts with other nearby, similarly polar compounds.
What is a hydrogen bond?
The making and breaking of bonds between atoms results in…
Chemical reactions
Synthesis reactions (A + B –> AB) are reactions that { } energy.
Require
Decomposition reactions (AB –> A + B) are reactions that { } energy.
Release
Are synthesis reactions anabolic or catabolic? Why?
Anabolic because a product is being formed from reactants
Are decomposition reactions anabolic or catabolic? Why?
Catabolic because the products are broken down reactants
What are the 4 reaction factors that determine the rate of a reaction?
1) Temperature
2) Concentration
3) Particle Size
4) Enzyme Catalysts
Acids { } free protons (H+) to a solution.
Add
Bases { } free protons (H+) in a solution.
Absorb
Increasing proton (H+) concentration in a solution means that pH will…
Decrease
How are buffers useful in maintaining homeostasis?
They minimize the change in pH by either absorbing protons when pH gets too low (acidosis) or releasing protons when pH gets too high (alkalosis).
The bicarbonate buffer system relies on the paired functioning of these 2 sets of organs.
What are the lungs and kidneys?
When the body’s pH becomes too low, which organs absorb bicarbonate ions from the urine to balance the overabundance of hydrogen protons associated with acidosis?
Kidneys
When the body’s pH becomes too high, which organs expel carbon dioxide to relieve alkalosis?
Lungs
The { } is a small molecular unit that binds with similar small units to form a { }.
1) Monomer
2) Polymer
This synthesis reaction combines monomers, which remove OH(-) and H+ ions in the form of water.
What is dehydration?
The breakdown of polymers by adding water, which splits into OH(-) and H+.
What is hydrolysis?
Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions within the body.
What are enzymes?
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
By decreasing the amount of activation energy needed to kickstart a reaction, effectively cutting down the reaction time
A simple 1-unit sugar consisting of 3-7 carbons.
What is a monosaccharide?
How are monosaccharides named?
By the number of carbons
Give an example of a pentose sugar.
The ribose found in RNA
Give an example of a hexose sugar.
Glucose
Disaccharides are polymers with a { } bond between 2 monosaccharides.
Glycosidic
Glucose + Fructose
Sucrose
Glucose + Glucose
Maltose (beer sugar)
Galactose + Glucose
Lactose (milk)
Lactose intolerant individuals lack/don’t have enough of this key enzyme to break down the lactose sugar.
What is lactase?
Polysaccharides are often used as an organism’s { } form for sugars.
Storage
The storage form of glucose in plants.
What is starch?
The storage form of glucose in animals.
What is glycogen?
What are the 2 common glycogen sites in the body?
1) Hepatocytes
2) Myocytes
Why can’t we digest cellulose (HINT: glycosidic bond)?
Cellulose has a different type of glycosidic bond that cannot be broken down with our normal enzymes
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (HINT: forms 2 products)
Triglyceride + 3 H2O
This type of bond is found between glycerol and each of the 3 fatty acids in a triglyceride.
What is ester?
What is the difference in bonds between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated - no double bonds
Unsaturated - has 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated - more than 1 double bond
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats at room temperature?
Saturated - solid at room temp
Unsaturated - liquid at room temp
Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temp?
The kinks formed between double bonds create more space between the fatty acids, which doesn’t allow for tight packing of molecules
Why does atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis) happen?
Saturated fats, cholesterol, platelets, calcium, etc., build up on the inner epithelial surface of blood vessels
What is the main structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?
Instead of 3 fatty acid chains, phospholipids only have 2 plus a phosphate group
The { } backbone has 4 fused rings that make steroids unique.
Cholesterol
Many steroids function as…
Hormones
What are the 4 essential parts of an amino acid?
1) Alpha carbon
2) Amino group
3) Carboxylic acid (COO-) group
4) R (remainder) chain
NOTE: carboxylic acid group is typically COOH, but the COO- form is just deprotonated found in acidic environments
Which portion of an amino acid makes each one unique?
R chain
List & explain the 4 levels of protein structure.
1) Primary - amino acid sequences
2) Secondary - H-bonding
3) Tertiary - R-group bonding (forms 3D structure)
4) Quaternary - 2 or more protein chains
List 3 variables affecting protein denaturation.
1) pH
2) Temperature
3) Chemical environment
What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA - single-stranded molecule w/ ribose sugar
DNA - double-stranded molecule w/ deoxyribose sugar
NOTE: DNA can be single-stranded, but for simplicity, just remember you’ll mostly find it double-stranded
What are the 3 components of a nucleic acid?
1) Phosphate group
2) Pentose sugar
3) Nitrogenous base
Purines
A, G
Pyrimidines
C, T, U
Bonds that hold the double helix together.
What are H-bonds?
Bonds that link the pentose sugar and phosphate group.
What is phosphodiester?
What is the purpose of ATP?
Provide energy
Where does the energy from ATP come from?
The 3 phosphate groups
Components of ATP.
1) Adenine base
2) Ribose sugar
3) 3 phosphate groups
