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Anatomy & Physiology I > Ch. 2 Chemistry (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemistry (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Stuff that takes up space and has mass as a solid, liquid, or gas.

A

What is matter?

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2
Q

The smallest unit of matter that retains physical and chemical properties of that substance.

A

What is an atom?

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3
Q

Quantity of matter composed of the same atoms.

A

What is an element?

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4
Q

What are the 4 essential elements of almost all life?

A

H, O, N, & C

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5
Q

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

A

What is a molecule?

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6
Q

Composed of 2 or more different atoms.

A

What is a compound?

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7
Q

The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus represents that element’s…

A

Atomic number

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8
Q

Where will you find an atom’s electrons?

A

Floating around the atom’s nucleus on orbitals

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9
Q

How many protons & electrons will a neutral atom have?

A

Equal amounts of protons & electrons

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10
Q

What does the octet rule state?

A

A full valence shell is the most stable/inert/unreactive

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11
Q

Where will you find valence electrons?

A

On the outermost orbital

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12
Q

Electrons are transferred from metal to nonmetal in this type of chemical bond.

A

What is ionic?

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13
Q

Electron donors become…

A

Cations

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14
Q

Electron acceptors become…

A

Anions

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15
Q

A pair or more valence electrons are shared between nonmetal atoms in this chemical bond.

A

What is covalent?

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16
Q

A single bond shares { } pair of electrons.

A

1

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17
Q

A double bond shares { } pairs of electrons.

A

2

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18
Q

A triple bond shares { } pairs of electrons.

A

3

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19
Q

When atoms share electrons equally, they form a { } covalent bond.

A

Nonpolar

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20
Q

When an atom attracts shared elements more strongly than others, this dipole moment forms a { } covalent bond.

A

Polar

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21
Q

While not a true bond, this chemical interaction results from polar covalent bonds establishing a slight/partial positive charge in hydrogen, which then interacts with other nearby, similarly polar compounds.

A

What is a hydrogen bond?

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22
Q

The making and breaking of bonds between atoms results in…

A

Chemical reactions

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23
Q

Synthesis reactions (A + B –> AB) are reactions that { } energy.

A

Require

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24
Q

Decomposition reactions (AB –> A + B) are reactions that { } energy.

A

Release

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25
Q

Are synthesis reactions anabolic or catabolic? Why?

A

Anabolic because a product is being formed from reactants

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26
Q

Are decomposition reactions anabolic or catabolic? Why?

A

Catabolic because the products are broken down reactants

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27
Q

What are the 4 reaction factors that determine the rate of a reaction?

A

1) Temperature
2) Concentration
3) Particle Size
4) Enzyme Catalysts

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28
Q

Acids { } free protons (H+) to a solution.

A

Add

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29
Q

Bases { } free protons (H+) in a solution.

A

Absorb

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30
Q

Increasing proton (H+) concentration in a solution means that pH will…

A

Decrease

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31
Q

How are buffers useful in maintaining homeostasis?

A

They minimize the change in pH by either absorbing protons when pH gets too low (acidosis) or releasing protons when pH gets too high (alkalosis).

32
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system relies on the paired functioning of these 2 sets of organs.

A

What are the lungs and kidneys?

33
Q

When the body’s pH becomes too low, which organs absorb bicarbonate ions from the urine to balance the overabundance of hydrogen protons associated with acidosis?

A

Kidneys

34
Q

When the body’s pH becomes too high, which organs expel carbon dioxide to relieve alkalosis?

A

Lungs

35
Q

The { } is a small molecular unit that binds with similar small units to form a { }.

A

1) Monomer
2) Polymer

36
Q

This synthesis reaction combines monomers, which remove OH(-) and H+ ions in the form of water.

A

What is dehydration?

37
Q

The breakdown of polymers by adding water, which splits into OH(-) and H+.

A

What is hydrolysis?

38
Q

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions within the body.

A

What are enzymes?

39
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

By decreasing the amount of activation energy needed to kickstart a reaction, effectively cutting down the reaction time

40
Q

A simple 1-unit sugar consisting of 3-7 carbons.

A

What is a monosaccharide?

41
Q

How are monosaccharides named?

A

By the number of carbons

42
Q

Give an example of a pentose sugar.

A

The ribose found in RNA

43
Q

Give an example of a hexose sugar.

A

Glucose

44
Q

Disaccharides are polymers with a { } bond between 2 monosaccharides.

A

Glycosidic

45
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

46
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose (beer sugar)

47
Q

Galactose + Glucose

A

Lactose (milk)

48
Q

Lactose intolerant individuals lack/don’t have enough of this key enzyme to break down the lactose sugar.

A

What is lactase?

49
Q

Polysaccharides are often used as an organism’s { } form for sugars.

A

Storage

50
Q

The storage form of glucose in plants.

A

What is starch?

51
Q

The storage form of glucose in animals.

A

What is glycogen?

52
Q

What are the 2 common glycogen sites in the body?

A

1) Hepatocytes
2) Myocytes

53
Q

Why can’t we digest cellulose (HINT: glycosidic bond)?

A

Cellulose has a different type of glycosidic bond that cannot be broken down with our normal enzymes

54
Q

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (HINT: forms 2 products)

A

Triglyceride + 3 H2O

55
Q

This type of bond is found between glycerol and each of the 3 fatty acids in a triglyceride.

A

What is ester?

56
Q

What is the difference in bonds between saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated - no double bonds
Unsaturated - has 1 double bond
Polyunsaturated - more than 1 double bond

57
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats at room temperature?

A

Saturated - solid at room temp
Unsaturated - liquid at room temp

58
Q

Why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temp?

A

The kinks formed between double bonds create more space between the fatty acids, which doesn’t allow for tight packing of molecules

59
Q

Why does atherosclerosis (arteriosclerosis) happen?

A

Saturated fats, cholesterol, platelets, calcium, etc., build up on the inner epithelial surface of blood vessels

60
Q

What is the main structural difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

Instead of 3 fatty acid chains, phospholipids only have 2 plus a phosphate group

61
Q

The { } backbone has 4 fused rings that make steroids unique.

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

Many steroids function as…

A

Hormones

63
Q

What are the 4 essential parts of an amino acid?

A

1) Alpha carbon
2) Amino group
3) Carboxylic acid (COO-) group
4) R (remainder) chain

NOTE: carboxylic acid group is typically COOH, but the COO- form is just deprotonated found in acidic environments

64
Q

Which portion of an amino acid makes each one unique?

A

R chain

65
Q

List & explain the 4 levels of protein structure.

A

1) Primary - amino acid sequences
2) Secondary - H-bonding
3) Tertiary - R-group bonding (forms 3D structure)
4) Quaternary - 2 or more protein chains

66
Q

List 3 variables affecting protein denaturation.

A

1) pH
2) Temperature
3) Chemical environment

67
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA - single-stranded molecule w/ ribose sugar
DNA - double-stranded molecule w/ deoxyribose sugar

NOTE: DNA can be single-stranded, but for simplicity, just remember you’ll mostly find it double-stranded

68
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleic acid?

A

1) Phosphate group
2) Pentose sugar
3) Nitrogenous base

69
Q

Purines

A

A, G

70
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C, T, U

71
Q

Bonds that hold the double helix together.

A

What are H-bonds?

72
Q

Bonds that link the pentose sugar and phosphate group.

A

What is phosphodiester?

73
Q

What is the purpose of ATP?

A

Provide energy

74
Q

Where does the energy from ATP come from?

A

The 3 phosphate groups

75
Q

Components of ATP.

A

1) Adenine base
2) Ribose sugar
3) 3 phosphate groups

Anatomy & Physiology I (29 decks)

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