Final Exam Digestive part 1 & 2 Flashcards
Accumulation of Saliva forming a fluid filled mass adjacent to a ruptured salivary duct
Sialocele
Liquid secreted by Salivary glands
Saliva
What are the functions of saliva?
- digestion
- Provide moisture & lubrication
- Local immunity
- Cooling/evaporating
What is saliva composed of?
- Water
- Salts
- Mucin
- enzymes
- IgA
- Lactoferrin
How are salivary glands divided?
- Major salivary glands
2. minor salivary glands
What are the major salivary glands?
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
What are the minor salivary glands?
lingual, palatal, labial, buccal, zygomatic, molar
What are the 2 main components of Large salivary glands?
Stroma and parenchyma
What is the purpose of the stroma of large salivary gland
Support
what is contained in the stroma of large salivary glands?
blood and lymph vessels
nerves and ganglia
What are the 2 parts of the parenchyma found in large salivary glands?
- Secretory units
2. Ducts
What are the secretory units found in large salivary glands?
Adenomeres
What types of secretion do the ssecretary units of large salivary glands secrete?
- serous
- mucous
- mixed
What are the 3 types of ducts found in large salivary glands?
- intercalated
- intralobular
- striated intralobular
Largest visceral organ of the body
Liver
What are the 2 blood supplies for the liver sinusoids?
- portal vein
2. hepatic artery
What is included in the portal triad in the liver?
- hepatic artery
- portal vein
- branch of bile duct
What covers the lobes of the liver?
mesothelium/Capsule of Glisson
What is the mesothlium covering the liver called?
The capsule of glisson
Parenchymal cells arranged in plates with adjacent sinusoids in the liver
Hepatocytes
How are liver plates organized?
Hepatic lobes
Brings blood from the intestine to the liver
Portal vein
why is the portal vein imortant?
brings nutrient rich blood from intestine to liver
How are complex lipids transported to the liver
Lymph vessels
T/F bile is an endocrine secretion of the liver?
F. Exocrine secretion
Why is bile important?
Digestion
What are the 2 poles of a hepatocyte?
- Bile pole
2. Vascular pole
site of exchange between blood and hepatocyte in liver?
Space of Disse
a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes.
Bile canaliculus
major functional unit of liver
Hepatocytes
Where blood comes in and out of hepatocyte
Vascular pole
Where bile is secreted from hepatocyte
Bile pole
What type of endothelial does liver have?
Fenestrated?
Not sure if correct
What is the function of hepatocytes?
Storage of metabolites/energy
Carbohydrates and Lipids are stored in the liver in the form of _______ and _______
Triglycerides and glycogen
In which direction does blood flow in the sinusoids of the liver?
toward the central vein
macrophages located adjacent to sinusoids in liver?
Kupffer cells
In which direction does bile flow in the sinusoids of the liver?
opp. blood in direction of bile ductules withing the portal triads
what is the classic liver lobule?
Hepatic lobule
What is another name for mononuclear macrophage system?
RES- Reticulo Endothelial System
Macrophages in Loose contective tissue
Histiocytes
Macrophages in lungs
Alveolar macrophages
Vascular flow pattern between lobules
Hepatic Acinus
Describe Hepatic Acinus
Flow begins at triad and flows towards central veins via sinusoidal capillaries
What are the 3 zones of the hepatic Acinus
- zone 1
- zone 2
- zone 3
Describe zone 1 of hepatic Acinus
1 high O2
- High nutrients
- High pathogen exposure
Describe zone 2 of hepatic Acinus
- Moderate O2
- moderate nutrients
- moderate pathogen exposure
Describe zone 3 of hepatic acinus
- Low O2
- Low nutrients
- Low pathogen exposure
Organ that accepts bile from cystic duct for storage
Gallbladder
what surrounds the gallbladder?
Tunica serosa
T/F the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function?
T
what are the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas?
tubuloacinar secretory units
Where do the tubuloacinar units in the pancreas drain?
into intercalated ducts
What are the secretory units of the endocrine pancreas?
Islets of langerhan
What are the 2 main components of the pancreas?
- Stroma
2. Parenchyma
What is the stroma of the pancreas made up of?
vessels, lymph, nerves
What are pacinian corpuscles
Nerves in the pancreas that are more prominent in cats
What are the 2 parencyma types in the pancreas?
- endocrine
2. exocrine
T/F. the pancreas has more of an encocrine function that an exocrine function
F. more exocrine
What are the 2 parts of the exocrine pancreas?
- Secratory part
2. ducts
what is the secretory part of the exocrine pancreas?
Acini
What are the 2 components of the acini found in the pancreas?
- acinar cell
2. centroacinar cells
What are the 2 types of ducts found in the pancreas
- intralobular without striations
- intralobular with striations
- extrapancreatic ducts
What are the 5 functions of the GI system
- Prehension
- Mechanical and enzymatidc breakdown
- Absorption
- Synthesis/ secretion
- excretion of waste material
What lines the the Gi tract from the lips to the non- glandular stomach
Stratified squamous epithelium
What lines the glandular stomach and the intestine
Simple columnar epithelium
What are the 5 parts of the oral cavity
lips, cheeks, palate, pharynx, tongue
What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
strat squam
T/F the submucosa of the oral cavity is missing?
T
What is different about the oral cavity of ruminants?
have dental pad
What type of epithelium covers the tongue
strat. squam
What covers the dorsal aspect of the tongue
papillae
What are the 2 types of papillae located on the tongue
mechanical and gustatory
What is the main component of the tongue?
Skeletal muscle
How is the skeletal muscle of the tongue arranged?
3 directions
- longitudinal
- transversal
- vertical
Layer of strat. squam epithelium covering the tongue
tunica mucosa
What are the 2 parts of a tooth?
- hard structures
2. soft tissues
What cells produce the enamel that covers the external surface of teeth
ameloblasts
What are the layers of a tooth
- enamel
- dentin
- cementum
- pulp
What cells produce dentin?
odontoblasts
what are the soft tissues of the tooth
Pulp and peridontal lig.
What are the 3 parts of the tooth?
- Crown
- Neck
- Root
What cells make up the enamel?
Ameloblasts
What cells make up the Dentin
Ondontoblast
What types of cells make up cementum
Cementoblasts
What is tooth pulp composed of?
Loose connective tissue and nerves
What are the 4 tunics of the digestive organs
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis
- Serosa
What are the 3 layers of the mucosal layer covering the digestive organs
- inner epithelium
- middle lamina propria
- thin outer muscularis mucosae
What are the 2 layers of the muscularis layer covering the digestive organs.
- inner circular
2. outer longitudinal
What lines the tunica serosa
Mesothelium
What is the submucosal layer made up of?
loose connective tissue, may also contain glands, vessels, nerves and lymph nodes
What is the purpose of the submucosa?
Facilitates motility of the mucosa
What is the purpose of the tunica muscularis
controls the lumen size
Two autonomic nervous system divisions in the same location in enteric wall
Plexus
The most external tunic covering organs
Tunica serosa
What type of epithelium covers the esophagus
strat. squam
T/F the esophagus has mucous glands.
T
What are the 2 diff. areas of the stomach?
- non glandular/Cutaneous
2. glandular
What is the junction between the glandular and non-glandular parts of the stomach called?
Margo Plicatus
What are the 3 diff. types of stomachs animals may have?
- simple
- compound
- composite
What is a simple stomach
carnivores and humans have
glandular mucosa only
What is a compound stomach
Found in ruminants
non glandular mucosa in forestomach and glandular stomach
What are the 4 parts of the compound stomach
- rumen
- reticulum
- omasum
4 abomasum
What is the true stomach in ruminants
Abomasum
what is a composite stomach
found in pigs and horses
has glandular and cutaneous mucous membranes
What type of epithelium lines the compartments of the compound stomach
strat. squam
Which compartment of the compound stomach is the largest?
Rumen
Which compartment of the compound stomach has a honeycomb pattern?
Reticulum
Which compartment of the compound stomach is called the butcher’s bible b/c of the many plies?
Omasum
What is the function of the rumen and reticulum
mixing, absortion, erucation, regurgitation,
what is the function of the omasum?
squeezes ingesta, liquefies and moves it to abomasum for further diestion
What are the 3 glandular regions of the stomach found in domestic animals?
- cardiac
- fundic
- pyloric
Which region of the stomach is closest to the esophagus
Cardiac
Invagination of lining epithelium in the stomach?
Gastric pits
What is the cardiac region of the stomach composed of?
mucous glands
What is the fundic region of the stomach composed of?
proper gastric glands
What are the 3 types of gastric glands found in the stomach?
- Cardiac glands
- proper gastric glands (fundic glands0
- pyloric glands
What cell type lines the stomach glands?
simple columnar
What cell types are found in the fundic region of the stomach along with the glands?
- parietal cells
2. chief/peptic cells
What do parietal cells produce?
hydrochloric acid
What do chief cells in the stomach produce
Pepsinogen
What hormone is produced in the pyloric region of the stomach
Gastrin
What do chief cells produce in infants?
Chymosin
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine
- caecum
- colon
- Rectum
What cells line the small and large intestines?
simple columnar with goblet cells
T/F. as you move from small to large intestine the number of goblet cells dec.?
F. they increase
T/F As you move from small intestine to large the height of the microvili inc.?
F. they Dec.
T/F there are submucosal glands present in the duodenum?
T
Where in the digestive tract are villi found?
Small intestine
What lies at the base of villi in the sm. intestine?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
What is found at the center of the villi?
Lacteals
What gland is found in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner’s
Blind ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi
Lacteals
What is the name for the substance that filters through intestinal lymph nodes
Chyle
Aggregations of lymphoid nodules present in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine
Peyer’s Patches
What part of the intestine can peyers patches be found?
distal jejunum and ileum
Where are paneth cells located?
near the crypt
what is the function of paneth cells
secretory and phagocytic functions
produce cryptdin and lysins
Where are enteroendocrine cells found?
in the crypts
What do enteroendocrine cells produce?
Serotonin, glucoinsulotropic peptide, catecholamines and more
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorb water and secrete mucus
T/F the large intestine does not contain villi
T
What are the flat bands of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in horse and pig large intestine called
Taenia coli
T/F the large intestine contains cyrpts of Lieberkuhn
T
Which part of GI tract has both villi and intestinal glands also known as rypts of lieberkuhn
Sm intestine
Which part of GI tract has no villi, surface is smooth, only crypts of lieberkuhn are present
Large intestine
Which part of GI tract contains Brunner’s glands in the tunica submucosa
Duodenum
Which part of GI tract contains payers patches in tela submucosa
Ileum
What type of epithelium lines the anal canal?
Strat. squam
T/F the strat. squam epithelium lining the Anus is keritinized
T
stores feces and secretes mucus?
Rectum
What is the rectum called in birds and reptiles
cloaca
What are the 3 diff. glandular regions of the anus?
- anal glands
- Anal Sac Glands
- Circumanal glands
Where do anal glands empty?
Lumen of anus
Where do Anal Sac glands empty?
into anal sacs
where are anal sacs located
Between the inner smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and the outer skeletal muscle
what type of glands are anal sacs in dogs?
tubular sweat glands
What type of glands are anal sacs in the cat?
sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands
Where are circumanal glands found?
near the subcutis around the anus indogs
