Final Exam Digestive part 1 & 2 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Accumulation of Saliva forming a fluid filled mass adjacent to a ruptured salivary duct
A
Sialocele
2
Q
Liquid secreted by Salivary glands
A
Saliva
3
Q
What are the functions of saliva?
A
- digestion
- Provide moisture & lubrication
- Local immunity
- Cooling/evaporating
4
Q
What is saliva composed of?
A
- Water
- Salts
- Mucin
- enzymes
- IgA
- Lactoferrin
5
Q
How are salivary glands divided?
A
- Major salivary glands
2. minor salivary glands
6
Q
What are the major salivary glands?
A
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
7
Q
What are the minor salivary glands?
A
lingual, palatal, labial, buccal, zygomatic, molar
8
Q
What are the 2 main components of Large salivary glands?
A
Stroma and parenchyma
9
Q
What is the purpose of the stroma of large salivary gland
A
Support
10
Q
what is contained in the stroma of large salivary glands?
A
blood and lymph vessels
nerves and ganglia
11
Q
What are the 2 parts of the parenchyma found in large salivary glands?
A
- Secretory units
2. Ducts
12
Q
What are the secretory units found in large salivary glands?
A
Adenomeres
13
Q
What types of secretion do the ssecretary units of large salivary glands secrete?
A
- serous
- mucous
- mixed
14
Q
What are the 3 types of ducts found in large salivary glands?
A
- intercalated
- intralobular
- striated intralobular
15
Q
Largest visceral organ of the body
A
Liver
16
Q
What are the 2 blood supplies for the liver sinusoids?
A
- portal vein
2. hepatic artery
17
Q
What is included in the portal triad in the liver?
A
- hepatic artery
- portal vein
- branch of bile duct
18
Q
What covers the lobes of the liver?
A
mesothelium/Capsule of Glisson
19
Q
What is the mesothlium covering the liver called?
A
The capsule of glisson
20
Q
Parenchymal cells arranged in plates with adjacent sinusoids in the liver
A
Hepatocytes
21
Q
How are liver plates organized?
A
Hepatic lobes
22
Q
Brings blood from the intestine to the liver
A
Portal vein
23
Q
why is the portal vein imortant?
A
brings nutrient rich blood from intestine to liver
24
Q
How are complex lipids transported to the liver
A
Lymph vessels
25
T/F bile is an endocrine secretion of the liver?
F. Exocrine secretion
26
Why is bile important?
Digestion
27
What are the 2 poles of a hepatocyte?
1. Bile pole
| 2. Vascular pole
28
site of exchange between blood and hepatocyte in liver?
Space of Disse
29
a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes.
Bile canaliculus
30
major functional unit of liver
Hepatocytes
31
Where blood comes in and out of hepatocyte
Vascular pole
32
Where bile is secreted from hepatocyte
Bile pole
33
What type of endothelial does liver have?
Fenestrated?
| Not sure if correct
34
What is the function of hepatocytes?
Storage of metabolites/energy
35
Carbohydrates and Lipids are stored in the liver in the form of _______ and _______
Triglycerides and glycogen
36
In which direction does blood flow in the sinusoids of the liver?
toward the central vein
37
macrophages located adjacent to sinusoids in liver?
Kupffer cells
38
In which direction does bile flow in the sinusoids of the liver?
opp. blood in direction of bile ductules withing the portal triads
39
what is the classic liver lobule?
Hepatic lobule
40
What is another name for mononuclear macrophage system?
RES- Reticulo Endothelial System
41
Macrophages in Loose contective tissue
Histiocytes
42
Macrophages in lungs
Alveolar macrophages
43
Vascular flow pattern between lobules
Hepatic Acinus
44
Describe Hepatic Acinus
Flow begins at triad and flows towards central veins via sinusoidal capillaries
45
What are the 3 zones of the hepatic Acinus
1. zone 1
2. zone 2
3. zone 3
46
Describe zone 1 of hepatic Acinus
1 high O2
2. High nutrients
3. High pathogen exposure
47
Describe zone 2 of hepatic Acinus
1. Moderate O2
2. moderate nutrients
3. moderate pathogen exposure
48
Describe zone 3 of hepatic acinus
1. Low O2
2. Low nutrients
3. Low pathogen exposure
49
Organ that accepts bile from cystic duct for storage
Gallbladder
50
what surrounds the gallbladder?
Tunica serosa
51
T/F the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function?
T
52
what are the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas?
tubuloacinar secretory units
53
Where do the tubuloacinar units in the pancreas drain?
into intercalated ducts
54
What are the secretory units of the endocrine pancreas?
Islets of langerhan
55
What are the 2 main components of the pancreas?
1. Stroma
| 2. Parenchyma
56
What is the stroma of the pancreas made up of?
vessels, lymph, nerves
57
What are pacinian corpuscles
Nerves in the pancreas that are more prominent in cats
58
What are the 2 parencyma types in the pancreas?
1. endocrine
| 2. exocrine
59
T/F. the pancreas has more of an encocrine function that an exocrine function
F. more exocrine
60
What are the 2 parts of the exocrine pancreas?
1. Secratory part
| 2. ducts
61
what is the secretory part of the exocrine pancreas?
Acini
62
What are the 2 components of the acini found in the pancreas?
1. acinar cell
| 2. centroacinar cells
63
What are the 2 types of ducts found in the pancreas
1. intralobular without striations
2. intralobular with striations
3. extrapancreatic ducts
64
What are the 5 functions of the GI system
1. Prehension
2. Mechanical and enzymatidc breakdown
3. Absorption
4. Synthesis/ secretion
5. excretion of waste material
65
What lines the the Gi tract from the lips to the non- glandular stomach
Stratified squamous epithelium
66
What lines the glandular stomach and the intestine
Simple columnar epithelium
67
What are the 5 parts of the oral cavity
lips, cheeks, palate, pharynx, tongue
68
What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
strat squam
69
T/F the submucosa of the oral cavity is missing?
T
70
What is different about the oral cavity of ruminants?
have dental pad
71
What type of epithelium covers the tongue
strat. squam
72
What covers the dorsal aspect of the tongue
papillae
73
What are the 2 types of papillae located on the tongue
mechanical and gustatory
74
What is the main component of the tongue?
Skeletal muscle
75
How is the skeletal muscle of the tongue arranged?
3 directions
1. longitudinal
2. transversal
3. vertical
76
Layer of strat. squam epithelium covering the tongue
tunica mucosa
77
What are the 2 parts of a tooth?
1. hard structures
| 2. soft tissues
78
What cells produce the enamel that covers the external surface of teeth
ameloblasts
79
What are the layers of a tooth
1. enamel
2. dentin
3. cementum
4. pulp
80
What cells produce dentin?
odontoblasts
81
what are the soft tissues of the tooth
Pulp and peridontal lig.
82
What are the 3 parts of the tooth?
1. Crown
2. Neck
3. Root
83
What cells make up the enamel?
Ameloblasts
84
What cells make up the Dentin
Ondontoblast
85
What types of cells make up cementum
Cementoblasts
86
What is tooth pulp composed of?
Loose connective tissue and nerves
87
What are the 4 tunics of the digestive organs
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa
88
What are the 3 layers of the mucosal layer covering the digestive organs
1. inner epithelium
2. middle lamina propria
3. thin outer muscularis mucosae
89
What are the 2 layers of the muscularis layer covering the digestive organs.
1. inner circular
| 2. outer longitudinal
90
What lines the tunica serosa
Mesothelium
91
What is the submucosal layer made up of?
loose connective tissue, may also contain glands, vessels, nerves and lymph nodes
92
What is the purpose of the submucosa?
Facilitates motility of the mucosa
93
What is the purpose of the tunica muscularis
controls the lumen size
94
Two autonomic nervous system divisions in the same location in enteric wall
Plexus
95
The most external tunic covering organs
Tunica serosa
96
What type of epithelium covers the esophagus
strat. squam
97
T/F the esophagus has mucous glands.
T
98
What are the 2 diff. areas of the stomach?
1. non glandular/Cutaneous
| 2. glandular
99
What is the junction between the glandular and non-glandular parts of the stomach called?
Margo Plicatus
100
What are the 3 diff. types of stomachs animals may have?
1. simple
2. compound
3. composite
101
What is a simple stomach
carnivores and humans have
glandular mucosa only
102
What is a compound stomach
Found in ruminants
non glandular mucosa in forestomach and glandular stomach
103
What are the 4 parts of the compound stomach
1. rumen
2. reticulum
3. omasum
4 abomasum
104
What is the true stomach in ruminants
Abomasum
105
what is a composite stomach
found in pigs and horses
has glandular and cutaneous mucous membranes
106
What type of epithelium lines the compartments of the compound stomach
strat. squam
107
Which compartment of the compound stomach is the largest?
Rumen
108
Which compartment of the compound stomach has a honeycomb pattern?
Reticulum
109
Which compartment of the compound stomach is called the butcher's bible b/c of the many plies?
Omasum
110
What is the function of the rumen and reticulum
mixing, absortion, erucation, regurgitation,
111
what is the function of the omasum?
squeezes ingesta, liquefies and moves it to abomasum for further diestion
112
What are the 3 glandular regions of the stomach found in domestic animals?
1. cardiac
2. fundic
3. pyloric
113
Which region of the stomach is closest to the esophagus
Cardiac
114
Invagination of lining epithelium in the stomach?
Gastric pits
115
What is the cardiac region of the stomach composed of?
mucous glands
116
What is the fundic region of the stomach composed of?
proper gastric glands
117
What are the 3 types of gastric glands found in the stomach?
1. Cardiac glands
2. proper gastric glands (fundic glands0
3. pyloric glands
118
What cell type lines the stomach glands?
simple columnar
119
What cell types are found in the fundic region of the stomach along with the glands?
1. parietal cells
| 2. chief/peptic cells
120
What do parietal cells produce?
hydrochloric acid
121
What do chief cells in the stomach produce
Pepsinogen
122
What hormone is produced in the pyloric region of the stomach
Gastrin
123
What do chief cells produce in infants?
Chymosin
124
What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum
125
What are the 3 parts of the large intestine
1. caecum
2. colon
3. Rectum
126
What cells line the small and large intestines?
simple columnar with goblet cells
127
T/F. as you move from small to large intestine the number of goblet cells dec.?
F. they increase
128
T/F As you move from small intestine to large the height of the microvili inc.?
F. they Dec.
129
T/F there are submucosal glands present in the duodenum?
T
130
Where in the digestive tract are villi found?
Small intestine
131
What lies at the base of villi in the sm. intestine?
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
132
What is found at the center of the villi?
Lacteals
133
What gland is found in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner's
134
Blind ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi
Lacteals
135
What is the name for the substance that filters through intestinal lymph nodes
Chyle
136
Aggregations of lymphoid nodules present in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine
Peyer's Patches
137
What part of the intestine can peyers patches be found?
distal jejunum and ileum
138
Where are paneth cells located?
near the crypt
139
what is the function of paneth cells
secretory and phagocytic functions
produce cryptdin and lysins
140
Where are enteroendocrine cells found?
in the crypts
141
What do enteroendocrine cells produce?
Serotonin, glucoinsulotropic peptide, catecholamines and more
142
What is the function of the large intestine?
Absorb water and secrete mucus
143
T/F the large intestine does not contain villi
T
144
What are the flat bands of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in horse and pig large intestine called
Taenia coli
145
T/F the large intestine contains cyrpts of Lieberkuhn
T
146
Which part of GI tract has both villi and intestinal glands also known as rypts of lieberkuhn
Sm intestine
147
Which part of GI tract has no villi, surface is smooth, only crypts of lieberkuhn are present
Large intestine
148
Which part of GI tract contains Brunner's glands in the tunica submucosa
Duodenum
149
Which part of GI tract contains payers patches in tela submucosa
Ileum
150
What type of epithelium lines the anal canal?
Strat. squam
151
T/F the strat. squam epithelium lining the Anus is keritinized
T
152
stores feces and secretes mucus?
Rectum
153
What is the rectum called in birds and reptiles
cloaca
154
What are the 3 diff. glandular regions of the anus?
1. anal glands
2. Anal Sac Glands
3. Circumanal glands
155
Where do anal glands empty?
Lumen of anus
156
Where do Anal Sac glands empty?
into anal sacs
157
where are anal sacs located
Between the inner smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and the outer skeletal muscle
158
what type of glands are anal sacs in dogs?
tubular sweat glands
159
What type of glands are anal sacs in the cat?
sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands
160
Where are circumanal glands found?
near the subcutis around the anus indogs
