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Micro Anatomy > Exam 1 Cell Overview > Flashcards

Exam 1 Cell Overview Flashcards

1
Q

smallest unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

2 qualities that characterize life

A
  1. replicate

2. Create energy from inanimate matter

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Little organization

ex. bacteria

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4
Q

Eukaryotic organisms

A

genetic material organized in nucleus
contains membrane bound organelles
compartmentalization

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5
Q

what is the importance of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells?

A

Prevents mixing of pathways
allows for more sophisticated functions
allows cell to inc. size

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6
Q

3 eukaryotic cell structures

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cytosol
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7
Q

cytology

A

the study of the structural components of the cell

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8
Q

Hystology

A

the study of the integration of cells toform tissues

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9
Q

3 comoponents of integration

A
  1. the cells themselves
  2. the ECM
  3. tissue fluids
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10
Q

what is the importance of tissue fluids

A

transport nutrients, hormones. gases and waste to and from cell

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11
Q

why do we stain cells?

A

to inc. contrast in light or electron microscope

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12
Q

2 most common stains?

A
  1. Hematoxylin

2. Eosin

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13
Q

When negative molecular groups bind to positively charged dyes, the stained structure is _______

A

Basophilic

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14
Q

Basic components attract positively charged dyes like _______ and are termed __________

A

Eosin, Acidophilic

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15
Q

What type of stain is used in Electron microscopy?

A

Electron- Absorbing heavy metal ions

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16
Q

Structure tat encloses the cell

A

Cell Membrane

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17
Q

Structure that anchors the cell to surrounding surfaces

A

Cell Membrane

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18
Q

5 functions of the Cell Membrane

A
  1. Encloses Cell
  2. area of contact for surrounding cells/environment
  3. involved in active and passive transport
  4. anchors cell to surrounding surfaces
  5. participates in signaling and recognition events
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19
Q

two types of proteins associated with the cell membrane

A
  1. integral proteins

2. peripheral proteins

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20
Q

where are integral proteins located

A

inserted in the phospholipid bi-layer of the cell membrane

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21
Q

where are peripheral proteins located?

A

attached to the inner or outer surfaces of the cell membrane

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22
Q

What are trans-membrane proteins?

A

integral proteins that span the entire thickness of the cell membrane

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23
Q

What 3 things can restrict protein diffusion into the cell membrane

A
  1. Cytoskeletal components
  2. cell junctions
  3. lipid rafts
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24
Q

what is the function of lipid rafts?

A

Decrease fluidity of the lipid bilayer

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25
Q

what are lipid rafts made of?

A

cholesterol and sphingolipids

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26
Q

what are caveolins?

A

proteins that are present in some lipid rafts that reorganize the cell membrane into a pear shape and are used in signaling events and cellular uptake.

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27
Q

what is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

cell recognition, signaling, mechanical protection

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28
Q

T/F most cells have a single nucleus?

A

T

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29
Q

what does the Nuclear envelope do?

A

encloses the nucleus

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30
Q

what are nuclear pores?

A

pores on the nuclear envelope that control the flow of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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31
Q

what are the 2 unit membranes of the nuclear envelope?

A
  1. Outter membrane

2. Inner Membrane

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32
Q

what is the importance of the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope?

A

contains Ribosomes

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33
Q

what is the importance of the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope?

A

contains the nuclear lamina

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34
Q

what is the nuclear lamina

A

a Fibrous sheath composed of lamins that provide the nucleus with mechanical strength

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35
Q

what is chromatin?

A

DNA with complexed with proteins

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36
Q

what is the nuclear matrix

A

filamentous material remaining after enzymatic digestion and extraction of the nucleus

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37
Q

what is the function of the ucleoli

A

production of riosomes

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38
Q

T/F the nucleoli of cells usually stains with Acidic dyes?

A

F

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39
Q

what are nuclear organizing regions?

A

responsible for encoding rRNA and determine the umber of nucleoli in cell

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40
Q

T/F cytosol takes up 1/2 of the cell’s volume

A

T

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41
Q

what is cytosol made up of?

A

water, ions, sugar, AA, nucleotides, soluble enzymes, cytoskeletal components, mRNA, tRNA

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42
Q

what is the key function of the rER?

A

protein synthesis

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43
Q

what is the key function of the sER

A

lipid synthesis, calcium sequestration, steroid hormone synthesis, and detoxification

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44
Q

T/F ribosomes are basophilic?

A

T

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45
Q

what is ergastoplasm?

A

accumulations of basophilic, well developed rER in pancreatic cells

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46
Q

what is nissel substance?

A

accumulations of basophilic, well developed rER in neurons

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47
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

The ER in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that sequesters calcium ions

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48
Q

what is the golgi complex

A

consists of a series of flattened cisternae with a convex of cis side that is usually orientated towards the nucleus and a concave or trans side that faces the cell periphery

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49
Q

where are secretory granules located?

A

present in specialized digestive glands and hormone producing cells

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50
Q

T/F All cells are capable of constitutive secretion

A

T

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51
Q

what is constitutive secretion?

A

continuous delivery of growth factors and components of membranes and the ECM to cell surface

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52
Q

T/F constitutive secretion needs no stimulus

A

T

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53
Q

how does constitutive secretion work?

A

small vesicles bud off from the golgi (trans region) and fuse with the cell membrane through exocytosis

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54
Q

the accumulation of membranes is balanced by ______

A

endocytosis

55
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. pinocytosis
  3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
56
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

ingestionof a solid particulate

57
Q

which two cells perform phagocytosis in the animal?

A

neutrophils an dmacrophages

58
Q

why is phagocytosis important for a cell?

A

defense mechanism against infectious organisms and removes cell debris

59
Q

what is Pinocytosis?

A

uptake of fluid

60
Q

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

the uptake of receptor bound material

61
Q

what is the importance of autolysosomes?

A

a way for the cell to digest aged or little used organelles

62
Q

what is a residual body?

A

whats left when indigestible material is in a secondary lysosome

63
Q

what are dense bodies?

A

electron dense bodies, rich in calcium in some cells

unknown function

64
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

65
Q

which organelle has the capability to metabolize hydrogen peroxide?

A

Peroxisomes

66
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

covers structures that function to maintain cell shape, motility and intercellular transport functions

67
Q

what are the 3 main components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microtubules
  2. microfiliments
  3. intermediate Filaments
68
Q

Transports vessicles and other organelles within the cyotplasm

A

microtubules

69
Q

what are the 2 microtubule subunits?

A

Alpha and Beta tubulin

70
Q

2 components of microfiliments and their functions

A
  1. actin - muscle contraction

2. Myosin - directional movement

71
Q

cytoskeletal structure that helps stabilize the cells shape and restrict protein mobility with transmembrane proteins

A

microfilaments

72
Q

T/F intermediate filaments are involved in intracellular transport

A

F. intermediate filaments are not polorized so do not help with transport

73
Q

what is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

anchoring and structural functions

74
Q

name the 5 families of intermediate filaments

A
  1. Keratins
  2. vimentin
  3. desmin
  4. Gial Fibrillar Acidic protein
    5 neurofilaments
75
Q

a number of deposits in cytosol that do not perform specific chemical reactions and not classified as organelles

A

inclusions

76
Q

what are the 3 types of inclusions?

A
  1. lipid droplets
  2. glycogen deposits
  3. pigments
77
Q

Where do lipid droplets occur?

A

adipocytes, adrenal cortical cells, liver cells

78
Q

where are glycogen droplets found?

A

liver, muscle, and neuron cells

79
Q

3 types of pigments

A

lipofuscin, melanin, hemosiderin

80
Q

non-motile finger-like projections of the cell membrane that function to inc. the surface area of cell

A

microvilli

81
Q

projections of cell that beat in synchronous manner to produce unidirectional transport

A

cillia

82
Q

where are cillia found?

A

respiratory tract

83
Q

what is the name given to the central region of cillia and flagellum?

A

Axoneme

84
Q

Arms that extend from A microtubules that attach to the adjacent B microtubules and cause a bending movemeent

A

Dynein

85
Q

where is the basal body located?

A

at the base of the cillia or flagellum

86
Q

somatic cells multiply by ________

A

mitosis

87
Q

gametes increase in number by ________

A

meiosis

88
Q

4 phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
  4. M
89
Q

What are cyclins?

A

protein checkpoints that control the cell cycle

90
Q

what are the 6 phases of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
91
Q

3 types of intercellular junctions

A
  1. occluding
  2. Anchoring
  3. Communicating
92
Q

what are the 3 basic components of the cell

A

cytosol, organelles, cell inclusions

93
Q

what is hyaloplasm

A

the basic structureless cytoplasm,

94
Q

which organelle contains the genetic information for the cell

A

nucleus

95
Q

in eukaryotic cells, what separates the genome from the cytoplasm

A

nuclear envelope

96
Q

T/F the chromatin of the nucleus is Acidophilic?

A

F. Basophilic

97
Q

what are the two types of chromatin

A

Heterochromatin, Euchromatin

98
Q

Allows for the passage of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Pores

99
Q

what is hyaloplasm?

A

Basic structurless cytoplasm

100
Q

what is the point of no return in apoptosis

A

mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization

101
Q

what are the functions of the smooth er

A

lipid biosynthesis, detoxification, sequestrate of calcium ions

102
Q

functions of the rough er

A

segregation of proteins, glycosylation of glycoproteins, synthesis of phospholipids, assembly of multichain proteins

103
Q

what are the 5 types of intermediate filaments

A
  1. tonofilaments,
  2. vimentin
  3. desmin
  4. neurofilaments
  5. glial filaments
104
Q

what are stereocilla

A

absorptive nonmotile projections

considered large microvilli

105
Q

____ extend from each outer pair of microtubules towards the inner central tubules

A

radial spokes

106
Q

____ join each outer pair of microtubules with the adjacent outer pair

A

Nexin

107
Q

Double membrand bound large structure containing chromatin

A

nucleus

108
Q

double lipid bilayer with nuclear pore complexes

A

nuclear envelope

109
Q

Aggrigation of cells and intercellular substances specialized to perform particular functions

A

Tissue

110
Q

4 types of tissues in the body

A
  1. epithelium
  2. connective tissue
  3. Muscle
  4. nervous tissue
111
Q

2 types of epithelium

A

surface and glandular

112
Q

category of epithelium that consists of sheets of aggrivated cells of similar type

A

surface epithelium

113
Q

category of epithelium that makes up secratory cells of the endocrine and exocrine system

A

glandular epithelium

114
Q

type of epithelium that covers all of the external surfaces and lines the internal surfaces of the body

A

surface epithelium

115
Q

type of epithelium that results from proliferation of surface epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue

A

glandular epithelium

116
Q

list some characteristics of epithelial cells

A

protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, formation of barriers for selective permeability

117
Q

the protein in the cytoplasmic filaments of epithelial cells

A

cytokeratin

118
Q

at the basal surface of epithelial cells that makes contact with underlying connective tissue

A

basement membrane

119
Q

what are the 2 layers of the basement membrane

A

lamina Lucida and lamina densa

120
Q

connects lamina densa to subepithelial connective tissue

A

lamina fibroreticularis

121
Q

3 embryotic germ layers in which epithelial cells derive

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. endoderm
  3. mesoderm
122
Q

how is surface epithlium classified?

A

based on # of layers present and shape of cells

123
Q

what is simple epithelium

A

single layer of cells resting on the basement membrane

124
Q

2 components of connective tissue

A

cells and matrix

125
Q

what makes up the matrix of connective tissue

A

fibers, ground substance, and fluid

126
Q

what are the 3 classifications of connective tissue

A

emmbryonic, adult, and special

127
Q

what are the 4 types of adult connective tissue

A

loose, dense, reticular, and adipose

128
Q

what are the 3 types of special connective tissue

A

cartilage, bone, blood

129
Q

what are the 6 functions of connective tissue

A

1 connect

  1. suspend/give form
  2. insulation and storage
  3. defend
  4. Nutrition
  5. repair and regeneration
130
Q

what are the types of fibers found in the connective tissue matrix? (3)

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular

131
Q

what is ground substance

A

amorphoous, formed by principal cells of tissue found in matrix of connective tissue

132
Q

what are the 3 components of connective tissue

A

gags, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

133
Q

types of light microscopy

A
  1. bright field
  2. polarized
  3. florescence
  4. phase contrast
  5. stereo (dissecting)
134
Q

why is polarized light microscopy important?

A

cannot see nuclei and shows 3d structure

Micro Anatomy (16 decks)

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