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Micro Anatomy > Exam 3 Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 3 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Air conduction/gas exchange
  2. Phonation
  3. Olfaction
  4. Heat Regulation
  5. Air conditioning
  6. protection
  7. Acid-base regulation
  8. Hormone conversion
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2
Q

How can the structures within the respiratory system be divided by function?

A
  1. conductive
  2. Transitional
  3. Gas exchange
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3
Q

What is the conductive system composed of?

A 
nasal cavity
pahrynx
larynx
trachea
Bronchi
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4
Q

What is the Transitional system composed of?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

What is the gas exchange system composed of?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

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6
Q

what are the 4 main functions of the conducting system?

A
  1. Brings air to respiratory portion
  2. cleanses, moistens and warms incoming air
  3. blood in venous plexuses in mucous memb. of nasal cavity regulates temp. of inhaled air
  4. hair and secretions in the nasal cavity trap particulate matter
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7
Q

What is the transitional system?

A

A transition zone b/t the conducting and the gas exchange areas of the respiratory tree

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8
Q

What are the terminal bronchioles lined by?

A
  1. club cells
  2. non-ciliated secretory cells
  3. few ciliated cells
    4 no goblet cells
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9
Q

Thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries that make up the exchange system.

A

Alveoli

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10
Q

What are the capillaries called that make up the Alveoli

A

Pulmonary capillaries

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11
Q

What are the 2 cell types that line alveoli in the exchange system

A

1 epithelial type 1

2 type II pneumonocytes

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12
Q

Trace air flow through the respiratory tree.

A

Nasal cavity– Nasopharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchi– Bronchioles– Exchange– Respiratory bronchioles– Alveolar ducts– Alveolar sacs– Alveoli

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

A
  1. Non- specific

2. specific

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14
Q

What is another name for non specific defense mechanism

A

non immune mediated

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15
Q

What are the 4 ways of the non specific defense mechanism?

A
  1. Mucous trapping
  2. Mucociliary clearance
  3. phagocytosis
  4. Air turbulence
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16
Q

What is another name for specific defense mechanism?

A

immune mediated

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17
Q

What are the 3 ways of the specific defense mechanism

A
  1. Antibody production
  2. antibody-mediated phagocytosis
  3. cell-mediated immunity
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18
Q

What lines the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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19
Q

What types of glands are found in the lamina propria

A

Tubulo-alveolar glands

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20
Q

What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Vestibular region
  2. Respiratory Region
  3. Olfactory Region
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21
Q

The initial, external part of the nasal cavity, has a cutaneous mucous memb. haired skin, and glands

A

Vestibular region

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22
Q

What types of cells line the vestibular region of the nasal cavity

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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23
Q

what is the mucociliary apparatus?

A

The combination of columnar ciliated epithelium and goblet cells found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

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24
Q

projections in the respiratory region that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and inc. the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous memb.

A

Conchae Turbinates

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25
Q

How are ciliated epithelial cells connected

A

Gap junctions

26
Q

What is immotile cilia syndrome

A

dynein claws missing from cilia

27
Q

what type of cell lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory epithelium with no goblet cells

28
Q

What is thicker, olfactory epithelim, or respiratory epithelium?

29
Q

What are the 3 cell types found in the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory neurons
  2. Supporting/sustentacular cells
  3. Basal cells
30
Q

What are swell bodies?

A

aka venous plecuses

found in olfactory and respiratory regions which re distended with blood

31
Q

Which cranial nerve is found in olfactory region?

32
Q

What is the vomero-nasal organ?

A

Mainly used to detect pheromones

33
Q

What cell type lines the Larynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

34
Q

after the vocal chords, what lines the larynx?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

35
Q

what cell type lines the trachea?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

36
Q

What cell type lines the bronchi?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

37
Q

What do the glands of the bronchus secreate?

A

mucin, lactoferrin and lysozyme

38
Q

T/F Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands

39
Q

bronchi branch into _______

A

Bronchioles

40
Q

What are the two subdivisions of bronchioles?

A
  1. Terminal

2. respiratory

41
Q

What cell types line the terminal bronchioles?

A

Ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells

42
Q

What are club cells?

A

located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles that metabolize airborne toxins

43
Q

What does respiratory bronchioles subdivide into?

A

alveolar ducts

44
Q

Where do alveolar ducts empty into?

A

alveolar sacs and alveoli

45
Q

What cell type lines the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

46
Q

Alveoli are lined by 2 distinct epithelial cells:

A
  1. Pneumocytes type I

2. Pneumocytes type II

47
Q

What are alveolar pores of kohn?

A

Pores that connect neighboring alveoli that provides equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if bronchiole is obstructed

48
Q

Where are collagen type III fibers found?

A

Alveolar wall

49
Q

where are collagen type I fibers found?

A

Conducting airways

50
Q

What forms the walls of alveoli?

A

Pneumocyte Type I
Aka. Squamous Alveolar type I cell

Pneumocyte Type II

51
Q

What are some features of Pneumocyte type I?

A
  1. Extremely thin
  2. occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage
  3. gas permeability
  4. not mitotic
52
Q

What is Pneumocyte type II

A

account for 5% of alveolar SA

Secratory cell, produces surfactant, can be mitotic

53
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein that functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli

54
Q

What is the absence of surfactant in newborns known as?

A

Hyaline Membrane Disease

55
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Air-Blood Barrier?

A
  1. Cytoplasm of pneumocyte type I covered by surfactant
  2. Two fused basal laminae of alveolar epithelium and endothelium of capillary
  3. Endothelium
56
Q

Trace the passage of O2 through the air-blood barrier.

A

Surfactant– Cyto. fo type I alveolar cell– Basal Lamina of type I cell– Basal lamina of endothelial cell– Cyto. of Endothelial cell– Capillary RBCs

57
Q

What are the two types of pulmonary macrophages?

A
  1. alveolar macrophages (PAMs)

2. Intravascular Macrophages (PIMs)

58
Q

T/F. There are no lymphatic vessels in alveolar walls.

59
Q

Covering of the lungs, composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium

A

Visceral pleura

60
Q

Covering the thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

A

Parietal pleura

61
Q

Name of cells that compose the pleura

A

Mesothelial cells

Micro Anatomy (16 decks)

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