Exam 3 Endocrine Flashcards
The ductless gland system
Endocrine
What are the primary organs of the endocrine system
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal Gland
What are the major functions of the primary endocrine organs?
growth and developnent
internal environment
energy production, storage, and utilization
reproduction
What are the 4 characteristics of endocrine organs?
- epithelial
- ductless
- highly vascular
- controlled by hormones
What are the 3 types of hormones?
- proteins
- Amino acids
- Steroids
How do hormones reach their targets?
bloodstream
T/F. Hormones produce rapid, short-lived responses
F. Hormones produce slow, sustained responses
The portion of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic nuclei control distant cells via hormones through 2 pathways:
- Production of releasing hormones- released into portal system to target cells in adenohypophysis
- hormones axonally transported and stored in neurohypophysis, then released into blood to target distant sites
What are the 2 hormones that are transported to and stored in the neurohypothesis from the hypothalamic nuclei?
ADA and Oxytocin
What is another name for the Anterior pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis
What is another name for the Posterior pituitary gland?
Neurohypophysis
What part of the pituitary gland is of epithelial origin? from the roof of the pharynx?
Adenohypophysis
What part of the pituitary gland is of neuroectodermal origin? from the diencephalon?
Neurohypophysis
What are the 3 parts of the Neurohypophysis?
- Pars nervosa
- Infundibular stalk
- Eminentia mediana
What do the cell bodies of large neurons in the hypothalamus nuclei produce?
ADH (vasopresin) and Oxytocin
Site along axons in the hypothalamus where hormones are accumulated
Herring bodies
ADH and Oxytocin
What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis?
- Pars Distalis
- Pars Intermedia
- Pars Tuberalis
Largest section of the anterior pituitary that secretes the majority of hormones.
Pars Distalis
Which section of the Anterior pituitary is the source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Pars intermedia
What are the 2 types of Acidophils found in the Pars Distalis?
- Somatotropes
2. Mammotropes
What are the 3 types of Basophils found in the PArs Distalis?
- Thyrotropes
- Gonadotropes
- Adrenocorticotropes
What is the main function of the epiphysis?
to regulate daily rhythms of bodily activity
What are the secretory cells of the epiphysis?
pinealocytes
What hormone is produced by pinealocytes?
Melatonin
T/F Melatonin in mainly secreted during the day?
F Night
What are long day breeders?
Animals, like horsed, that cycle when the days are getting longer.
Late spring, summer, early fall
What are short day breeders?
Animals, like sheep, that cycle when days are getting shorter
Fall
What do the follicles of the thyroid gland produce?
thyroglobulin
What is the major function of the thyroid gland?
synthesis, iodination, proteolysis of thyroglobulin regulated by TSH
What is another name for parafollicular cells
Clear cells
What is the function of Parafollicular cells and where are they found?
Found in the thyroid gland
Secrete calcitonin, to reduce ca levels, in response to high blood calcium
What are the target organs of parafollicular cells?
Bone and kidney
What cells make up the parathyroid gland?
chief cells
what hormone does the parathyroid gland produce? and what is its function
PTH, increases Ca
T/F the separation of the medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland can only be seen in mammals?
T
What does the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete?
corticosteroids
What does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete?
Catecholamines
What are the 3 sections of the cortex of the adrenal gland? and what does each produce?
- Zona glomerulosa- mineralocoriticoids
- Zona Fasciculata-Glucocorticoids
- Zona Reticularis - Weak Androgens
What are 2 common catecholamines produced by the medulla of the adrenal gland?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Where are the islets of langerhan located?
Pancreas
What are the 2 hormones produced by the kidney?
renin and erythropoietin
What is Renin?
hormone produced by kidney that is involved in the control of blood pressure.
What is erythropoietin?
hormone produced by the kidney that controlls red blood cell production
What is ANP
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Hormone produced in the heart that promotes Na and Water loss to dec. BP.
Targets the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney
