FINAL Flashcards
What is the study of bacteria
Bacteriology
What is the study of viruses
Virology
What is the study of funagi
Mycology
What is the study of algai
Phycology
What is the study of parasitres
Parasitology
What is the bodies defense to parasties
Immunology
What do we give Koch credit for
Etiology, the germ theory, and pure cultures
What is the germ theory
The study of microorganisms causing disease. Looked at body fluids or sick animal and observe the tiny organisms
What is a pure culture
When he introduced organisms to healthy animals to see developing symptoms
Fungi kingdom
Eukaryotic, Chitin cell wall, major decomposer, fuzzy white appearance
Plants kingdom
Eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, photosynthetic
Bacteria Kingdom
Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, come have tails, some photosynthesize
Protists kingdom
Eukaryotic, Flexible cell wall, uni and multi cellular
Animal kingdom
Eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular
Virus kingdom
No living, parasitic, DNA or RNA
What is the scientific naming system
Created by Linneaus Consist go the genus and species Genus is always capitalized or underlined or italicized Species is lowercased LATIN OR GREEK
What is Normal microbiota
Bacteria and fungi we have on our body/in our body that protects us by leaving no attachment sites for foreign microbes
Describe the Vaccine
Jenner was the first recorded to give cowpox vaccine
Prepared from living virulent microorganisms or killed pathogens and recombinant DNA techniques
What are antibiotics
Substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria
Describe Archea and its parts
Prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan
Methanogens, Halophiles and Thermophiles
What are methanogens
Archea that produce methane as a waste product
What are Halophiles
Archea that live in extremely salty environments
what are thermophiles
Archea that live in hot sulfurous water, hot springs
Gramstaining process
Developed by Gram to classify bacteria in gram +/- 1.primary stain: crystal violet BOTH PURPLE 2.Mordant: Iodine BOTH DARK PURPLE 3,Decolorizer: alcohol -:CLEAR +: PURPLE 4.Counterstain: Safranin -: RED +:PURPLE
Describe gram + bacteria
Thick peptidoglycan with acids, no butter membrane
Antibodies destroy wall
Describe gram - bacteria
Thin peptodyglycan, have butter membrane
Aggravated by penicillin, resistant
Smear process
- Add drop of H2o in middle of slide
- Aseptically add the specimen and smear small stamp
- Let air dry on rack
- Heat fix
- Stain
What does heat fixing do
- Kills bacteria
- Allows us to stain the bacteria without washing it off
- Coagulates portend so it better absorbs the stain
What are the positive stains
Crystal violet
Methlane blue
Saphranin
Malachite green
What are the negative stains
Nigrosin
Congo red
Eosin
Describe capsule staining
The use of nigrosin to stain the background and safranin to stain the bacteria
Safranin will make halos around each bacterial cell, capsules
Describe Endospore staining
Malachite green is applied and steamed to penetrate endospore wall
Safranin is added to stain other parts besides the endospore, rod shape
Describe flagella staining
Mordant is used to view flagella
Total magnifications
RED Scanning is 40x
YELLOW Low power is 100x
BLUE High power is 400x
WHITE Oil immersion is 1,000x
What is active transport
When cell uses energy in form of ATP to move substance across the plasma membrane
What is passive transport
When molecules move through plasma membrane down concentration gradient from high to low until equilibrium is established
Describe the plasma membrane
Phospholipid molecules arranged in 2 rows, lipid bilayer
Each molecule contains a head that is water loving and a non polar tail
Proteins function as enzymes
What are endospores
Gram + bacteria produce when the environment challenges them, they obtain genetic info inside
They will germinate and sprout in new environment when things get better
Can survive boiling water
Describe the prokaryotic cell structure
- Has no nucleus
- 2 protein building blocks of flagella
- Has capsule or slime layer, glycocolyx
- Complex cell wall
- Plasma membrane has carbohydrates, no sterols
- Small ribosomes, 70’s
- Circular chromosomes
- Binary fission for cell division
Describe the eukaryotic cell structure
- Has a nucleus
- Flagella is complex, has multiple microtubules
- Glycocalyx is present in ones without a cell wall
- Simple cell wall
- Plasma membrane has carbs and sterols
- Small and large ribosomes, 70 + 80’s
- Linear chromosomes
- Mitosis for cell division
What is the Golgi aperatus
Series of membranes responsible for packaging proteins
What is the ER
Membrane systems inside the cell that allows thing to move in and out the cell
Rough=studded with ribosomes
smooth=make lipids and store other chemicals
What is lysosome
Made in rough ER
contains digestive enzymes that break down substances
What is mitochondria
Responsible for production of ATP
What are 70’s ribosomes
Found in prokaryotic cells, but also in some mitochondria and chloroplast of Eukaryotic cells
What are 80’s ribosomes
Free floating in the cytosol of Eukaryotic cells
What is Fimbriae
Extensions that allow bacterium to attach
Initiates diseases because once they attach, they’re hard to get rid of ( UTI’s)
What is pilli
Tube like structures that can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info
Allows for gliding and twitching
What is glycocalyx
Sugar covering, virulence factor
Can be capsule or slime layer
Can prevent phagocytosis and bacteria from drying out
What are axial filaments
Endoflagellum tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids
Amphitrcious filament
Duo tails, on both ends
Lophotrichous filament
Lots of tails on one end
Monotrichous filament
1 tail
Peritrichous filament
Tails all over, many
cocci bacteria
round, streptococci is the pearl like chain
tetrad is the 4
Bacilli bacteria
rod shaped
Spiral bacteria
worm shaped
Describe oxidation reduction
Coupled reaction where one substance is oxidized and one is reduced
Where one atom/molecule loses an electron, there’s always another one around to gain or take it
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP generation, 1 way
A phosphate is chopped off and put onto ADP in order to generate ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Production of ATP from ADP through ETC
In eukaryotic cells: occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane, in cristi
In prokaryotic cells: occurs inside the plasma membrane
Anaerobic respiration
Does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it.
Final electron acceptor is on inorganic molecule other than O2
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen. Final acceptor is O2
ATP produced in pathways
Glycolysis: 8
Krebs: 24
ETC: 6
38 in Pro // 34 in Euk
Photoautotrophs
Energy source is light
Photoheterotrophs
Organic compounds
Co2 takes gas out of the environment and incorporates it into carbon based molecules
Chemoautotrophs
Energy source is chemical
Co2: chemical energy source from hydrogen, nitrogen, iron
Chemoheterotrophs
organic, most living things on earth and fungi, bacteria and animals
Isotonic
Same on the inside as it is on the outside
NACI 0.86
Hypertonic
Environment is more concentrated in solutes on the outside
Hypotonic
Cell is more concentrated then outside
H2O moves into cell
Growth curve phases
Lag, Log, Stationary and Death
Describe the Lag phase
Little to no division of growth in bacteria, Genes are turned on where they may have been silenced. Once they have enough food they move on to Log
Describe the Log phase
Exponental increase in population. Industrial procedures will create a condition of hemostatic environment
Describe the Stationary phase
When resources become scarce, # of cells dying = # of cells dividing
Less growth at end and smaller organisms
Describe the Death phase
Organisms are planning for death of population. Exponential
Bacteria produce spores, pick up plasmids