FINAL Flashcards
What is the study of bacteria
Bacteriology
What is the study of viruses
Virology
What is the study of funagi
Mycology
What is the study of algai
Phycology
What is the study of parasitres
Parasitology
What is the bodies defense to parasties
Immunology
What do we give Koch credit for
Etiology, the germ theory, and pure cultures
What is the germ theory
The study of microorganisms causing disease. Looked at body fluids or sick animal and observe the tiny organisms
What is a pure culture
When he introduced organisms to healthy animals to see developing symptoms
Fungi kingdom
Eukaryotic, Chitin cell wall, major decomposer, fuzzy white appearance
Plants kingdom
Eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, photosynthetic
Bacteria Kingdom
Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, come have tails, some photosynthesize
Protists kingdom
Eukaryotic, Flexible cell wall, uni and multi cellular
Animal kingdom
Eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular
Virus kingdom
No living, parasitic, DNA or RNA
What is the scientific naming system
Created by Linneaus Consist go the genus and species Genus is always capitalized or underlined or italicized Species is lowercased LATIN OR GREEK
What is Normal microbiota
Bacteria and fungi we have on our body/in our body that protects us by leaving no attachment sites for foreign microbes
Describe the Vaccine
Jenner was the first recorded to give cowpox vaccine
Prepared from living virulent microorganisms or killed pathogens and recombinant DNA techniques
What are antibiotics
Substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria
Describe Archea and its parts
Prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan
Methanogens, Halophiles and Thermophiles
What are methanogens
Archea that produce methane as a waste product
What are Halophiles
Archea that live in extremely salty environments
what are thermophiles
Archea that live in hot sulfurous water, hot springs
Gramstaining process
Developed by Gram to classify bacteria in gram +/- 1.primary stain: crystal violet BOTH PURPLE 2.Mordant: Iodine BOTH DARK PURPLE 3,Decolorizer: alcohol -:CLEAR +: PURPLE 4.Counterstain: Safranin -: RED +:PURPLE
Describe gram + bacteria
Thick peptidoglycan with acids, no butter membrane
Antibodies destroy wall
Describe gram - bacteria
Thin peptodyglycan, have butter membrane
Aggravated by penicillin, resistant
Smear process
- Add drop of H2o in middle of slide
- Aseptically add the specimen and smear small stamp
- Let air dry on rack
- Heat fix
- Stain
What does heat fixing do
- Kills bacteria
- Allows us to stain the bacteria without washing it off
- Coagulates portend so it better absorbs the stain
What are the positive stains
Crystal violet
Methlane blue
Saphranin
Malachite green
What are the negative stains
Nigrosin
Congo red
Eosin
Describe capsule staining
The use of nigrosin to stain the background and safranin to stain the bacteria
Safranin will make halos around each bacterial cell, capsules
Describe Endospore staining
Malachite green is applied and steamed to penetrate endospore wall
Safranin is added to stain other parts besides the endospore, rod shape
Describe flagella staining
Mordant is used to view flagella
Total magnifications
RED Scanning is 40x
YELLOW Low power is 100x
BLUE High power is 400x
WHITE Oil immersion is 1,000x
What is active transport
When cell uses energy in form of ATP to move substance across the plasma membrane
What is passive transport
When molecules move through plasma membrane down concentration gradient from high to low until equilibrium is established
Describe the plasma membrane
Phospholipid molecules arranged in 2 rows, lipid bilayer
Each molecule contains a head that is water loving and a non polar tail
Proteins function as enzymes
What are endospores
Gram + bacteria produce when the environment challenges them, they obtain genetic info inside
They will germinate and sprout in new environment when things get better
Can survive boiling water
Describe the prokaryotic cell structure
- Has no nucleus
- 2 protein building blocks of flagella
- Has capsule or slime layer, glycocolyx
- Complex cell wall
- Plasma membrane has carbohydrates, no sterols
- Small ribosomes, 70’s
- Circular chromosomes
- Binary fission for cell division
Describe the eukaryotic cell structure
- Has a nucleus
- Flagella is complex, has multiple microtubules
- Glycocalyx is present in ones without a cell wall
- Simple cell wall
- Plasma membrane has carbs and sterols
- Small and large ribosomes, 70 + 80’s
- Linear chromosomes
- Mitosis for cell division
What is the Golgi aperatus
Series of membranes responsible for packaging proteins
What is the ER
Membrane systems inside the cell that allows thing to move in and out the cell
Rough=studded with ribosomes
smooth=make lipids and store other chemicals
What is lysosome
Made in rough ER
contains digestive enzymes that break down substances
What is mitochondria
Responsible for production of ATP
What are 70’s ribosomes
Found in prokaryotic cells, but also in some mitochondria and chloroplast of Eukaryotic cells
What are 80’s ribosomes
Free floating in the cytosol of Eukaryotic cells
What is Fimbriae
Extensions that allow bacterium to attach
Initiates diseases because once they attach, they’re hard to get rid of ( UTI’s)
What is pilli
Tube like structures that can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info
Allows for gliding and twitching
What is glycocalyx
Sugar covering, virulence factor
Can be capsule or slime layer
Can prevent phagocytosis and bacteria from drying out
What are axial filaments
Endoflagellum tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids
Amphitrcious filament
Duo tails, on both ends
Lophotrichous filament
Lots of tails on one end
Monotrichous filament
1 tail
Peritrichous filament
Tails all over, many
cocci bacteria
round, streptococci is the pearl like chain
tetrad is the 4
Bacilli bacteria
rod shaped
Spiral bacteria
worm shaped
Describe oxidation reduction
Coupled reaction where one substance is oxidized and one is reduced
Where one atom/molecule loses an electron, there’s always another one around to gain or take it
Substrate level phosphorylation
ATP generation, 1 way
A phosphate is chopped off and put onto ADP in order to generate ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Production of ATP from ADP through ETC
In eukaryotic cells: occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane, in cristi
In prokaryotic cells: occurs inside the plasma membrane
Anaerobic respiration
Does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it.
Final electron acceptor is on inorganic molecule other than O2
Aerobic respiration
Uses oxygen. Final acceptor is O2
ATP produced in pathways
Glycolysis: 8
Krebs: 24
ETC: 6
38 in Pro // 34 in Euk
Photoautotrophs
Energy source is light
Photoheterotrophs
Organic compounds
Co2 takes gas out of the environment and incorporates it into carbon based molecules
Chemoautotrophs
Energy source is chemical
Co2: chemical energy source from hydrogen, nitrogen, iron
Chemoheterotrophs
organic, most living things on earth and fungi, bacteria and animals
Isotonic
Same on the inside as it is on the outside
NACI 0.86
Hypertonic
Environment is more concentrated in solutes on the outside
Hypotonic
Cell is more concentrated then outside
H2O moves into cell
Growth curve phases
Lag, Log, Stationary and Death
Describe the Lag phase
Little to no division of growth in bacteria, Genes are turned on where they may have been silenced. Once they have enough food they move on to Log
Describe the Log phase
Exponental increase in population. Industrial procedures will create a condition of hemostatic environment
Describe the Stationary phase
When resources become scarce, # of cells dying = # of cells dividing
Less growth at end and smaller organisms
Describe the Death phase
Organisms are planning for death of population. Exponential
Bacteria produce spores, pick up plasmids
What is an Obligate anaerobic
Growth ceases in presence of oxygen
What is an Facultative anaerobic
Use oxygen when it is present but are able to grow when no oxygen is present `
What is a complex media
Culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is not known
Made up of Yeats, meats and plants
What is a selective media
Designed to grow, encourge microbes and suppress anything that isn’t that
What is a differential media
Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism
What is the generation time
The time acquired for a cell to divide and its population to double
Most have generation time of 1-3 hours, other require more then 24 hours
What are psychrophiles
Cold organisms, live between -10 and 20. 15 is their optimum
What are Psychrotrophs
Cold loving that go in fridge
0-30 temp, 25 being optimum
What are Mesophiles
Live in 10-50 temp range, 37 is their best( body temp )
What are Thermophils
Like warm temperatures of 40-72. 62 is their optimum
What are Hyperthermophiles
Extreme bacteria
Live in 67-110 temperature
94 is their ideal.
What are the bacterial death factors
Temp: 70 works best
# of microbes: more microbs=longer it takes to eliminate
organic matter: feces, urine, pus has to be removes before disinfectant is applied
Time of exposure: chemical antibodies require extended exposure for resistant microbes and endospores
Microb characteristics: Prions are more resistant
P,E,M,C,V,G-,F,G+,V w/t, V w/
What is pasteurization
Not a sterilizing process.
Increases the shelf life of milk, yogurt and ice cream
Uses heat to fluids to kill bacteria, but only the ones that will cause spoilage
What is autoclaving
A method of sterilization
Steam under pressure
Will kill all organisms, but prions, under 15 minutes at 121 degrees
What are the principles of effectivness
- Concentration, should always be diluted as specified
- Organic matter should be removed
- Ph
- Must be left on the surface for several hours
What are the gene sequences
C with G
A with T but in RNA w/ U
What are the indictable system
Way to control protien synthesis
Type of operon, lac operon, not functioning. Is normally off.
Genes are turned on only if the particular substrate is in the environment, Lactose
Glucose has to be absent
LAC PERMASE will only turn on if the only ting to eat is lactose
What is the Repressible system
On repressor, protein is not stuck. Allows RNA polymers to bind to promoter and the transcription of structural genes
What is Transformation
When genes are transferred from 1 bacterium to another as naked DNA, occurs only when there is some environmental challenge thats is killing the bacteria there.
Dying bacteria picks up genes in its environment, if they have recipes that will allow it to survive then it’ll keep it, as plasmids or recombine them to the host genome. When its no longer in danger it will clean house and discard any genes not used in a long time
What is conjunction
Another mechanism where genes are transferred from one to another
Requires a cell to cell contact, referred to as bacterial sex
When challenged they spend energy to make a pilus between two cells, allowing F+ cells to share genes with F- cell
F+ is the one with fancy genes
What is transduction
Involves a viral. Fancy genes by accident
SAME AS TRANSFORMATION BUT INVOLVES A VIRAL FIRST
1. Virus infects bacterial cell
2.Chops up host DNA
3.Utalizes the cell to make more viruses. If those fancy genes are in cell, it keeps them
4.When challenge disappears, gets rid of those genes
What is a mutation
A change in DNA no change in protein or organism but also beneficial -resistance -pathogenicity Caused by UV and Aflotoxin
Base substitution
Instead of C being followed by C its followed by T
Can occur by random mutation or mutagen
Nonsense mutation
When a stop is inserted due to loose mutation
Frameshift mutation
When one base Is kicked out and everything is shifted over
Making a different amino acid=different charge
Protein will be shaped differently now being nonfunctional to enzyme
DNA characteristics
A-T. G-C
Made of deoxyribose sugar
2 strands, double helix
During replication, A to T and G to C
RNA characteristics
A-U. G-C Made of ribose sugar 3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA Single strand During replication, A to U and G to C
What is transcription
Making a close copy of DNA
Uses RNA polymerase: will bring in base pair and RNA nucleotides:
RNA and DNA bind at the promoter
What is Translation
Involves decoding the language of nucleic acids
AAA=Phe AUG=Met
How do you classify
Depends on their rDNA
If they’re P or E
Their transfer RNA
Bacteria, Archea:Extreme high temp salty, Eukarya: Fungi plants and animals
Naming kindgom in order
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species
Smaller the higher the similarities between them
What is Nucleic Acid Hybridization
The process of combining single complementary strands of DNA
If 2 species are similar/related a major portion of their nucleic sequence will also be similar, they’ll connect completely
Complete bind=are the same
Partial bind=may be related
no hybridization=not related, different DNA
Mycoplasma
unusual bacteria, dont show up on gram stain, grow in horse serum yeast
look like fried eggs
no cw, has sterols, treated with tetracyclines
Ureaplasma pneumonia and urealytica
Rickettsia
unusual bacteria, transmitted via arthropods, causes spotted fever, Gram - bacteria, hide inside the cells.
3 types: rickettsia pro,typhae, rickettsiai
treated with tetracyclines + chlorynfinicol
rickettsia provasekia
Lice, by indirect vector
lice bites and poops, we scratch bite, poop goes into wound, we get it
symptoms=spots,fever,chills,headache
rickettsia typhae
Flie bites us. we get spotted fever
can recover from it
rickettsia rickettsiai
Ticks, causes rocky mountain fever
symptoms=fever, rash at ankles & wrists then spreads slowly
Chlymydiae
Unusual bacteria, gram - coccoid
Causes chlamydiae trechomatis, PID, Lymphogranuloma venerium and respiratory infections
Treated with tetracyclines
chlamydiae trechomatis
Silent disease, people can go many years without symptoms and realize once reproductive structures have been damaged
Can get in other tissues, eye
PID
Causes pelvis to become enlarged
People with prolong infections of chlaydia can eventually get this
Lymphogranuloma venerium
Can be lead to bc go chlamydia trechomatis
Occurs when transmitted reproductively
Leads to ectopic pregnancies
If in the urinary tract, can lead to nongunocci urethritis
If chlamydia is airborne what can it cause
Respiratory pneumonia, chlamydia psittacosaurus or chlamydia pneumonia
Fungi
Consists of molds, mushrooms, yeast
Most are sacraphites, feed off of materials of a dead organism
Eukaryotic, Sterols in cw, chitin cw, sexual and asexual, aerobic some anaerobic
Contain a sporehead, aerial hyphae, mycellium
4 types: ascomyse, basiomycota, zygomycota, microsporida
Ascomyse
Contain sacs, ascos
Contain penecillin, asperiguixllus and yeast
Basodiomycota
Contain mushrooms, causes cryptococcus: pigeon disease
Zygomycota
Contains rhizopus, produce sexually and asexually
Microsporida
Have no hyphae, mitochondria, microtubules
Found in AIDS/HIV patients
Lichen
An algae and fungus
Exist in a symbiotic mutualistic relationship
Come together when environments are challenged
Fungus provides a foundation for them algae absorbs sunlight and provides food
Once they get what they need, they separate and cannot come back together again
Helminths
Parasitic round worms and flat worms
Eukaryotic and multicellular
Few to no systems only their reproductive system is highly developed
Diseases are transmitted via GI root or FO root
Types: Platyhelminths, Cestodes, Nematodes
Platyhelminth
Flat helminths
Specific group=flukes
Have suckers that allow them to stick to intestines
Split body, women on bottom and man on top
Disease: schistosomiasis aka swimmer itch, asian snail is the host
Cestode & associated disease
Flat worm, tapeworm
Get from eating undercooked/poorly cooked food
Eat the cysticercus
Attach to the intestine by the hooks and suckers
People. can be asymptomatic and have periodic diarrhea
Eat out intestinal food not blood or tissue
Hydatids: Grow in gallons of fluids and can form in the liver and brain. Kills you if they burst
Nematodes
Round worms
Have a complete digestive system, and come out of anal region and reproduce at night
Hookworms & associated diseases
Attach to the intestinal wall
Eat blood and tissue causing bleeding and pica if there is a huge manifestation
Trichinellosis, Ascariasis, River blindness, Whipworm, Elephanitis
Trichinellosis
From undercooked raccoon, bear
Swelling around the eyes, and under nails
Ascariasis
Most widespread worm disease worldwide
Can be 30 cm/foot
diagnosed when worm pops out of anus, mouth, nose or bellybutton
Symptoms:lung blockage of intestines of bile duct
Riverblindess
2nd leading cause to blindness
Caused by roundworm
Whipworm
common and widespread in soil
Define a virus
Nucleic acid is DNA or RNA
Contains capsid for attachment
Helical or polyhedral
What are the culture methods
Plaque method, Embryonic method, animals or cell cultures
Plaque method
Used to identify a bacteria. Bacterial lawn is created and spread with beads
Embryonated eggs
Used to study a virus. Virus is injected and researchers can see if certain tissue or cell damage, or if embryo died
Animals
Used to study virus
Look for signs and symptoms and tissue damage
Cell cultures
cells are suspended in culture medium
3 types
primary:made from tissue slices. die out in a few generations
secondary:made from human embryos, last 100 generations
continuous: immortal made from cancer cells
What is lysogenecy
means of viral replication host cell will recover will not be destroyed.
- phage attaches to host cell and inject DNA
- phage DNA enters lysogenic phase
- genetic material can then recombine with the host genome. The repressor proteins keep the virus and prophase prophage quiet, but some will cause prophage to pop out and enter lytic cycle
What is a viroid
Short naked RN a plant viruses
What are prions
Infectious protein particles. Involve the degeneration of brain tissue
What is a latent virus
One that the virus remains in the host cell for a long period of time
What is a retro virus
Virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make themselves into DNA ( HIV )
nonsocomial disease
hospital acquired. Linked to a person at a hospital
Epidemic
When many people in the given area acquire a disease in a relatively short time
Endemic
Illness is always present in some amount of population
flu, cold
Pandemic
worldwide
sporadic
occasional outbreaks, graph goes up and down
chronic infection
continual, recurrent, develops slowly and lasts for months
primary infection
initial illness
secondary infection
not long, caused b y opurtunistic organism
droplet transmission
transmission via saliva, mucus and sneezing. Within 1 meter
vehicle transmission
transmitted through air, water, vehicle to host. Greater then 1 meter up to 7.
What is a vector
The one who carries the illness
Mechanical:carried on body
Biological: direct is introduced in bite, indirect is introduced by you scratching the bite
Factors of emerging disease
Use of antibiotics and pesticides Climatic changes Travel Lack of vaccination Lack of improved care reporting
What is the common portal of entry
The mucus membrane of the respiratory tract but can be introduced via the parental entry. Pushed under the skin by a needle, bite, surgery, cut
Virulence factors
NEET Number of microorganisms Enzymes/proteins External Structures Toxins
LD50’s
Lethal dose that will kill 50% of sample population
ID50’s
Infectious dose for 50% of sample population
Endotoxin
Unintentionally released
Released by gram - when they die
Interlukin 1 released and stimulates fever
Exotoxin
Intentionally released
Released from gram +
Diffuse through bloodstream, water soluble
3 types:AB exotoxin, Membrane disrupting, Super antigens
What is septic shock
Shock caused by bacteria
Cillary Escalator
Keeps mucus blanket moving forward the throat
Explain inflammation
Swelling caused by accumulation of fluids
Heat due to increase in blood flow
Redness, more blood
Pain due to release of chemicals
What are the steps of inflammation
Vasodilation: Vasoactive mediators are released, blood clot forms
W BC work, phagocytosis occurs
Tissue repair
Compliment fixation
C3 binds to C3a and C3b
Classical pathway
Antigen combine with antibody
Alternative pathway
Lipid carb complex
Doesn’t involve antibodies, active by contact between B.P,D. This is where C3 splits into C3a and C3b
Lectin pathway
Macrophages ingest bacteria, virus and release lectin
What is active immunity
Your body activley producing antibodies against an antigen
What us passive immunity
You are receiving prepared antibodies
What is natural active immunity
Exposed to a germ by breathing it or touching
What is natural passive immunity
Receiving antibody by breast milk or placdenta
What is artificially active immunity
Antigen introduced in a vaccine
What is artificially passive immunity
Receiving antibodies
IgG
Cross placenta
2nd to respond to infection
IgM
Causes clumping
Appears first in infection
IgA
Found in secretions saliva, tears
Prevents attachment
IgD
B cell activator
IgE
Involved in allergies and lysis of worms
Type 1 Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic
Can get from an allergic reaction, drug injections, asthma, insect, venom, pollen, dust mite
Blood is pulled away in shock
Epi pen is used
Type 2
Cytotoxic
Occurs when someone gets the wrong blood and antibodies clump
IgM and IgG are released
Type 3
Immune complex
Combination of IgM and IgG, lodge in the body tissues causing inflammation
Caused by serum sickness
Type 4
Delayed cell mediated
Release of T cells due to rejected transplant tissue or contact with poison ivy
Autograft
Taking a tissue from one part of the body to another
Isograft
Between two sets of twins, have same cell makers
Alograft
Between 2 people with similar matches in HMC1 and blood
Xenograft
Between animals
