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Microbio > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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2
Q

What is the study of viruses

A

Virology

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3
Q

What is the study of funagi

A

Mycology

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4
Q

What is the study of algai

A

Phycology

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5
Q

What is the study of parasitres

A

Parasitology

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6
Q

What is the bodies defense to parasties

A

Immunology

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7
Q

What do we give Koch credit for

A

Etiology, the germ theory, and pure cultures

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8
Q

What is the germ theory

A

The study of microorganisms causing disease. Looked at body fluids or sick animal and observe the tiny organisms

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9
Q

What is a pure culture

A

When he introduced organisms to healthy animals to see developing symptoms

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10
Q

Fungi kingdom

A

Eukaryotic, Chitin cell wall, major decomposer, fuzzy white appearance

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11
Q

Plants kingdom

A

Eukaryotic, cellulose cell wall, photosynthetic

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12
Q

Bacteria Kingdom

A

Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, come have tails, some photosynthesize

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13
Q

Protists kingdom

A

Eukaryotic, Flexible cell wall, uni and multi cellular

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14
Q

Animal kingdom

A

Eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular

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15
Q

Virus kingdom

A

No living, parasitic, DNA or RNA

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16
Q

What is the scientific naming system

A 
Created by Linneaus
Consist go the genus and species
Genus is always capitalized or underlined or italicized
Species is lowercased
LATIN OR GREEK
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17
Q

What is Normal microbiota

A

Bacteria and fungi we have on our body/in our body that protects us by leaving no attachment sites for foreign microbes

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18
Q

Describe the Vaccine

A

Jenner was the first recorded to give cowpox vaccine

Prepared from living virulent microorganisms or killed pathogens and recombinant DNA techniques

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19
Q

What are antibiotics

A

Substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria

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20
Q

Describe Archea and its parts

A

Prokaryotic cells that lack peptidoglycan

Methanogens, Halophiles and Thermophiles

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21
Q

What are methanogens

A

Archea that produce methane as a waste product

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22
Q

What are Halophiles

A

Archea that live in extremely salty environments

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23
Q

what are thermophiles

A

Archea that live in hot sulfurous water, hot springs

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24
Q

Gramstaining process

A 
Developed by Gram to classify bacteria in gram +/-
1.primary stain: crystal violet
BOTH PURPLE
2.Mordant: Iodine
BOTH DARK PURPLE
3,Decolorizer: alcohol
-:CLEAR +: PURPLE
4.Counterstain: Safranin
-: RED +:PURPLE
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25
Q

Describe gram + bacteria

A

Thick peptidoglycan with acids, no butter membrane

Antibodies destroy wall

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26
Q

Describe gram - bacteria

A

Thin peptodyglycan, have butter membrane

Aggravated by penicillin, resistant

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27
Q

Smear process

A
  1. Add drop of H2o in middle of slide
  2. Aseptically add the specimen and smear small stamp
  3. Let air dry on rack
  4. Heat fix
  5. Stain
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28
Q

What does heat fixing do

A
  • Kills bacteria
  • Allows us to stain the bacteria without washing it off
  • Coagulates portend so it better absorbs the stain
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29
Q

What are the positive stains

A

Crystal violet
Methlane blue
Saphranin
Malachite green

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30
Q

What are the negative stains

A

Nigrosin
Congo red
Eosin

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31
Q

Describe capsule staining

A

The use of nigrosin to stain the background and safranin to stain the bacteria
Safranin will make halos around each bacterial cell, capsules

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32
Q

Describe Endospore staining

A

Malachite green is applied and steamed to penetrate endospore wall
Safranin is added to stain other parts besides the endospore, rod shape

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33
Q

Describe flagella staining

A

Mordant is used to view flagella

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34
Q

Total magnifications

A

RED Scanning is 40x
YELLOW Low power is 100x
BLUE High power is 400x
WHITE Oil immersion is 1,000x

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35
Q

What is active transport

A

When cell uses energy in form of ATP to move substance across the plasma membrane

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36
Q

What is passive transport

A

When molecules move through plasma membrane down concentration gradient from high to low until equilibrium is established

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37
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipid molecules arranged in 2 rows, lipid bilayer
Each molecule contains a head that is water loving and a non polar tail
Proteins function as enzymes

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38
Q

What are endospores

A

Gram + bacteria produce when the environment challenges them, they obtain genetic info inside
They will germinate and sprout in new environment when things get better
Can survive boiling water

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39
Q

Describe the prokaryotic cell structure

A
  • Has no nucleus
  • 2 protein building blocks of flagella
  • Has capsule or slime layer, glycocolyx
  • Complex cell wall
  • Plasma membrane has carbohydrates, no sterols
  • Small ribosomes, 70’s
  • Circular chromosomes
  • Binary fission for cell division
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40
Q

Describe the eukaryotic cell structure

A
  • Has a nucleus
  • Flagella is complex, has multiple microtubules
  • Glycocalyx is present in ones without a cell wall
  • Simple cell wall
  • Plasma membrane has carbs and sterols
  • Small and large ribosomes, 70 + 80’s
  • Linear chromosomes
  • Mitosis for cell division
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41
Q

What is the Golgi aperatus

A

Series of membranes responsible for packaging proteins

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42
Q

What is the ER

A

Membrane systems inside the cell that allows thing to move in and out the cell
Rough=studded with ribosomes
smooth=make lipids and store other chemicals

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43
Q

What is lysosome

A

Made in rough ER

contains digestive enzymes that break down substances

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44
Q

What is mitochondria

A

Responsible for production of ATP

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45
Q

What are 70’s ribosomes

A

Found in prokaryotic cells, but also in some mitochondria and chloroplast of Eukaryotic cells

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46
Q

What are 80’s ribosomes

A

Free floating in the cytosol of Eukaryotic cells

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47
Q

What is Fimbriae

A

Extensions that allow bacterium to attach

Initiates diseases because once they attach, they’re hard to get rid of ( UTI’s)

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48
Q

What is pilli

A

Tube like structures that can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info
Allows for gliding and twitching

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49
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

Sugar covering, virulence factor
Can be capsule or slime layer
Can prevent phagocytosis and bacteria from drying out

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50
Q

What are axial filaments

A

Endoflagellum tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids

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51
Q

Amphitrcious filament

A

Duo tails, on both ends

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52
Q

Lophotrichous filament

A

Lots of tails on one end

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53
Q

Monotrichous filament

A

1 tail

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54
Q

Peritrichous filament

A

Tails all over, many

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55
Q

cocci bacteria

A

round, streptococci is the pearl like chain

tetrad is the 4

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56
Q

Bacilli bacteria

A

rod shaped

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57
Q

Spiral bacteria

A

worm shaped

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58
Q

Describe oxidation reduction

A

Coupled reaction where one substance is oxidized and one is reduced
Where one atom/molecule loses an electron, there’s always another one around to gain or take it

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59
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

ATP generation, 1 way

A phosphate is chopped off and put onto ADP in order to generate ATP

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60
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Production of ATP from ADP through ETC
In eukaryotic cells: occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane, in cristi
In prokaryotic cells: occurs inside the plasma membrane

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61
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Does not use oxygen and may even be killed by it.

Final electron acceptor is on inorganic molecule other than O2

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62
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Uses oxygen. Final acceptor is O2

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63
Q

ATP produced in pathways

A

Glycolysis: 8
Krebs: 24
ETC: 6
38 in Pro // 34 in Euk

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64
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Energy source is light

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65
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Organic compounds

Co2 takes gas out of the environment and incorporates it into carbon based molecules

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66
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Energy source is chemical

Co2: chemical energy source from hydrogen, nitrogen, iron

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67
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

organic, most living things on earth and fungi, bacteria and animals

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68
Q

Isotonic

A

Same on the inside as it is on the outside

NACI 0.86

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69
Q

Hypertonic

A

Environment is more concentrated in solutes on the outside

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70
Q

Hypotonic

A

Cell is more concentrated then outside

H2O moves into cell

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71
Q

Growth curve phases

A

Lag, Log, Stationary and Death

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72
Q

Describe the Lag phase

A

Little to no division of growth in bacteria, Genes are turned on where they may have been silenced. Once they have enough food they move on to Log

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73
Q

Describe the Log phase

A

Exponental increase in population. Industrial procedures will create a condition of hemostatic environment

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74
Q

Describe the Stationary phase

A

When resources become scarce, # of cells dying = # of cells dividing
Less growth at end and smaller organisms

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75
Q

Describe the Death phase

A

Organisms are planning for death of population. Exponential

Bacteria produce spores, pick up plasmids

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76
Q

What is an Obligate anaerobic

A

Growth ceases in presence of oxygen

77
Q

What is an Facultative anaerobic

A

Use oxygen when it is present but are able to grow when no oxygen is present `

78
Q

What is a complex media

A

Culture medium in which the exact chemical composition is not known
Made up of Yeats, meats and plants

79
Q

What is a selective media

A

Designed to grow, encourge microbes and suppress anything that isn’t that

80
Q

What is a differential media

A

Makes it easier to distinguish colonies of the desired organism

81
Q

What is the generation time

A

The time acquired for a cell to divide and its population to double
Most have generation time of 1-3 hours, other require more then 24 hours

82
Q

What are psychrophiles

A

Cold organisms, live between -10 and 20. 15 is their optimum

83
Q

What are Psychrotrophs

A

Cold loving that go in fridge

0-30 temp, 25 being optimum

84
Q

What are Mesophiles

A

Live in 10-50 temp range, 37 is their best( body temp )

85
Q

What are Thermophils

A

Like warm temperatures of 40-72. 62 is their optimum

86
Q

What are Hyperthermophiles

A

Extreme bacteria
Live in 67-110 temperature
94 is their ideal.

87
Q

What are the bacterial death factors

A

Temp: 70 works best
# of microbes: more microbs=longer it takes to eliminate
organic matter: feces, urine, pus has to be removes before disinfectant is applied
Time of exposure: chemical antibodies require extended exposure for resistant microbes and endospores
Microb characteristics: Prions are more resistant
P,E,M,C,V,G-,F,G+,V w/t, V w/

88
Q

What is pasteurization

A

Not a sterilizing process.
Increases the shelf life of milk, yogurt and ice cream
Uses heat to fluids to kill bacteria, but only the ones that will cause spoilage

89
Q

What is autoclaving

A

A method of sterilization
Steam under pressure
Will kill all organisms, but prions, under 15 minutes at 121 degrees

90
Q

What are the principles of effectivness

A
  • Concentration, should always be diluted as specified
  • Organic matter should be removed
  • Ph
  • Must be left on the surface for several hours
91
Q

What are the gene sequences

A

C with G

A with T but in RNA w/ U

92
Q

What are the indictable system

A

Way to control protien synthesis
Type of operon, lac operon, not functioning. Is normally off.
Genes are turned on only if the particular substrate is in the environment, Lactose
Glucose has to be absent
LAC PERMASE will only turn on if the only ting to eat is lactose

93
Q

What is the Repressible system

A

On repressor, protein is not stuck. Allows RNA polymers to bind to promoter and the transcription of structural genes

94
Q

What is Transformation

A

When genes are transferred from 1 bacterium to another as naked DNA, occurs only when there is some environmental challenge thats is killing the bacteria there.
Dying bacteria picks up genes in its environment, if they have recipes that will allow it to survive then it’ll keep it, as plasmids or recombine them to the host genome. When its no longer in danger it will clean house and discard any genes not used in a long time

95
Q

What is conjunction

A

Another mechanism where genes are transferred from one to another
Requires a cell to cell contact, referred to as bacterial sex
When challenged they spend energy to make a pilus between two cells, allowing F+ cells to share genes with F- cell
F+ is the one with fancy genes

96
Q

What is transduction

A

Involves a viral. Fancy genes by accident
SAME AS TRANSFORMATION BUT INVOLVES A VIRAL FIRST
1. Virus infects bacterial cell
2.Chops up host DNA
3.Utalizes the cell to make more viruses. If those fancy genes are in cell, it keeps them
4.When challenge disappears, gets rid of those genes

97
Q

What is a mutation

A 
A change in DNA
no change in protein or organism but also beneficial
-resistance
-pathogenicity
Caused by UV and Aflotoxin
98
Q

Base substitution

A

Instead of C being followed by C its followed by T

Can occur by random mutation or mutagen

99
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

When a stop is inserted due to loose mutation

100
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

When one base Is kicked out and everything is shifted over
Making a different amino acid=different charge
Protein will be shaped differently now being nonfunctional to enzyme

101
Q

DNA characteristics

A

A-T. G-C
Made of deoxyribose sugar
2 strands, double helix
During replication, A to T and G to C

102
Q

RNA characteristics

A 
A-U. G-C
Made of ribose sugar
3 types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
Single strand
During replication, A to U and G to C
103
Q

What is transcription

A

Making a close copy of DNA
Uses RNA polymerase: will bring in base pair and RNA nucleotides:
RNA and DNA bind at the promoter

104
Q

What is Translation

A

Involves decoding the language of nucleic acids

AAA=Phe AUG=Met

105
Q

How do you classify

A

Depends on their rDNA
If they’re P or E
Their transfer RNA
Bacteria, Archea:Extreme high temp salty, Eukarya: Fungi plants and animals

106
Q

Naming kindgom in order

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species

Smaller the higher the similarities between them

107
Q

What is Nucleic Acid Hybridization

A

The process of combining single complementary strands of DNA
If 2 species are similar/related a major portion of their nucleic sequence will also be similar, they’ll connect completely
Complete bind=are the same
Partial bind=may be related
no hybridization=not related, different DNA

108
Q

Mycoplasma

A

unusual bacteria, dont show up on gram stain, grow in horse serum yeast
look like fried eggs
no cw, has sterols, treated with tetracyclines
Ureaplasma pneumonia and urealytica

109
Q

Rickettsia

A

unusual bacteria, transmitted via arthropods, causes spotted fever, Gram - bacteria, hide inside the cells.
3 types: rickettsia pro,typhae, rickettsiai
treated with tetracyclines + chlorynfinicol

110
Q

rickettsia provasekia

A

Lice, by indirect vector
lice bites and poops, we scratch bite, poop goes into wound, we get it
symptoms=spots,fever,chills,headache

111
Q

rickettsia typhae

A

Flie bites us. we get spotted fever

can recover from it

112
Q

rickettsia rickettsiai

A

Ticks, causes rocky mountain fever

symptoms=fever, rash at ankles & wrists then spreads slowly

113
Q

Chlymydiae

A

Unusual bacteria, gram - coccoid
Causes chlamydiae trechomatis, PID, Lymphogranuloma venerium and respiratory infections
Treated with tetracyclines

114
Q

chlamydiae trechomatis

A

Silent disease, people can go many years without symptoms and realize once reproductive structures have been damaged
Can get in other tissues, eye

115
Q

PID

A

Causes pelvis to become enlarged

People with prolong infections of chlaydia can eventually get this

116
Q

Lymphogranuloma venerium

A

Can be lead to bc go chlamydia trechomatis
Occurs when transmitted reproductively
Leads to ectopic pregnancies
If in the urinary tract, can lead to nongunocci urethritis

117
Q

If chlamydia is airborne what can it cause

A

Respiratory pneumonia, chlamydia psittacosaurus or chlamydia pneumonia

118
Q

Fungi

A

Consists of molds, mushrooms, yeast
Most are sacraphites, feed off of materials of a dead organism
Eukaryotic, Sterols in cw, chitin cw, sexual and asexual, aerobic some anaerobic
Contain a sporehead, aerial hyphae, mycellium
4 types: ascomyse, basiomycota, zygomycota, microsporida

119
Q

Ascomyse

A

Contain sacs, ascos

Contain penecillin, asperiguixllus and yeast

120
Q

Basodiomycota

A

Contain mushrooms, causes cryptococcus: pigeon disease

121
Q

Zygomycota

A

Contains rhizopus, produce sexually and asexually

122
Q

Microsporida

A

Have no hyphae, mitochondria, microtubules

Found in AIDS/HIV patients

123
Q

Lichen

A

An algae and fungus
Exist in a symbiotic mutualistic relationship
Come together when environments are challenged
Fungus provides a foundation for them algae absorbs sunlight and provides food
Once they get what they need, they separate and cannot come back together again

124
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic round worms and flat worms
Eukaryotic and multicellular
Few to no systems only their reproductive system is highly developed
Diseases are transmitted via GI root or FO root
Types: Platyhelminths, Cestodes, Nematodes

125
Q

Platyhelminth

A

Flat helminths
Specific group=flukes
Have suckers that allow them to stick to intestines
Split body, women on bottom and man on top
Disease: schistosomiasis aka swimmer itch, asian snail is the host

126
Q

Cestode & associated disease

A

Flat worm, tapeworm
Get from eating undercooked/poorly cooked food
Eat the cysticercus
Attach to the intestine by the hooks and suckers
People. can be asymptomatic and have periodic diarrhea
Eat out intestinal food not blood or tissue
Hydatids: Grow in gallons of fluids and can form in the liver and brain. Kills you if they burst

127
Q

Nematodes

A

Round worms

Have a complete digestive system, and come out of anal region and reproduce at night

128
Q

Hookworms & associated diseases

A

Attach to the intestinal wall
Eat blood and tissue causing bleeding and pica if there is a huge manifestation
Trichinellosis, Ascariasis, River blindness, Whipworm, Elephanitis

129
Q

Trichinellosis

A

From undercooked raccoon, bear

Swelling around the eyes, and under nails

130
Q

Ascariasis

A

Most widespread worm disease worldwide
Can be 30 cm/foot
diagnosed when worm pops out of anus, mouth, nose or bellybutton
Symptoms:lung blockage of intestines of bile duct

131
Q

Riverblindess

A

2nd leading cause to blindness

Caused by roundworm

132
Q

Whipworm

A

common and widespread in soil

133
Q

Define a virus

A

Nucleic acid is DNA or RNA
Contains capsid for attachment
Helical or polyhedral

134
Q

What are the culture methods

A

Plaque method, Embryonic method, animals or cell cultures

135
Q

Plaque method

A

Used to identify a bacteria. Bacterial lawn is created and spread with beads

136
Q

Embryonated eggs

A

Used to study a virus. Virus is injected and researchers can see if certain tissue or cell damage, or if embryo died

137
Q

Animals

A

Used to study virus

Look for signs and symptoms and tissue damage

138
Q

Cell cultures

A

cells are suspended in culture medium
3 types
primary:made from tissue slices. die out in a few generations
secondary:made from human embryos, last 100 generations
continuous: immortal made from cancer cells

139
Q

What is lysogenecy

A

means of viral replication host cell will recover will not be destroyed.

  1. phage attaches to host cell and inject DNA
  2. phage DNA enters lysogenic phase
  3. genetic material can then recombine with the host genome. The repressor proteins keep the virus and prophase prophage quiet, but some will cause prophage to pop out and enter lytic cycle
140
Q

What is a viroid

A

Short naked RN a plant viruses

141
Q

What are prions

A

Infectious protein particles. Involve the degeneration of brain tissue

142
Q

What is a latent virus

A

One that the virus remains in the host cell for a long period of time

143
Q

What is a retro virus

A

Virus that uses reverse transcriptase to make themselves into DNA ( HIV )

144
Q

nonsocomial disease

A

hospital acquired. Linked to a person at a hospital

145
Q

Epidemic

A

When many people in the given area acquire a disease in a relatively short time

146
Q

Endemic

A

Illness is always present in some amount of population

flu, cold

147
Q

Pandemic

A

worldwide

148
Q

sporadic

A

occasional outbreaks, graph goes up and down

149
Q

chronic infection

A

continual, recurrent, develops slowly and lasts for months

150
Q

primary infection

A

initial illness

151
Q

secondary infection

A

not long, caused b y opurtunistic organism

152
Q

droplet transmission

A

transmission via saliva, mucus and sneezing. Within 1 meter

153
Q

vehicle transmission

A

transmitted through air, water, vehicle to host. Greater then 1 meter up to 7.

154
Q

What is a vector

A

The one who carries the illness
Mechanical:carried on body
Biological: direct is introduced in bite, indirect is introduced by you scratching the bite

155
Q

Factors of emerging disease

A 
Use of antibiotics and pesticides
Climatic changes
Travel
Lack of vaccination
Lack of improved care reporting
156
Q

What is the common portal of entry

A

The mucus membrane of the respiratory tract but can be introduced via the parental entry. Pushed under the skin by a needle, bite, surgery, cut

157
Q

Virulence factors

A 
NEET
Number of microorganisms
Enzymes/proteins
External Structures
Toxins
158
Q

LD50’s

A

Lethal dose that will kill 50% of sample population

159
Q

ID50’s

A

Infectious dose for 50% of sample population

160
Q

Endotoxin

A

Unintentionally released
Released by gram - when they die
Interlukin 1 released and stimulates fever

161
Q

Exotoxin

A

Intentionally released
Released from gram +
Diffuse through bloodstream, water soluble
3 types:AB exotoxin, Membrane disrupting, Super antigens

162
Q

What is septic shock

A

Shock caused by bacteria

163
Q

Cillary Escalator

A

Keeps mucus blanket moving forward the throat

164
Q

Explain inflammation

A

Swelling caused by accumulation of fluids
Heat due to increase in blood flow
Redness, more blood
Pain due to release of chemicals

165
Q

What are the steps of inflammation

A

Vasodilation: Vasoactive mediators are released, blood clot forms
W BC work, phagocytosis occurs
Tissue repair

166
Q

Compliment fixation

A

C3 binds to C3a and C3b

167
Q

Classical pathway

A

Antigen combine with antibody

168
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Lipid carb complex

Doesn’t involve antibodies, active by contact between B.P,D. This is where C3 splits into C3a and C3b

169
Q

Lectin pathway

A

Macrophages ingest bacteria, virus and release lectin

170
Q

What is active immunity

A

Your body activley producing antibodies against an antigen

171
Q

What us passive immunity

A

You are receiving prepared antibodies

172
Q

What is natural active immunity

A

Exposed to a germ by breathing it or touching

173
Q

What is natural passive immunity

A

Receiving antibody by breast milk or placdenta

174
Q

What is artificially active immunity

A

Antigen introduced in a vaccine

175
Q

What is artificially passive immunity

A

Receiving antibodies

176
Q

IgG

A

Cross placenta

2nd to respond to infection

177
Q

IgM

A

Causes clumping

Appears first in infection

178
Q

IgA

A

Found in secretions saliva, tears

Prevents attachment

179
Q

IgD

A

B cell activator

180
Q

IgE

A

Involved in allergies and lysis of worms

181
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A

Anaphylactic
Can get from an allergic reaction, drug injections, asthma, insect, venom, pollen, dust mite
Blood is pulled away in shock
Epi pen is used

182
Q

Type 2

A

Cytotoxic
Occurs when someone gets the wrong blood and antibodies clump
IgM and IgG are released

183
Q

Type 3

A

Immune complex
Combination of IgM and IgG, lodge in the body tissues causing inflammation
Caused by serum sickness

184
Q

Type 4

A

Delayed cell mediated

Release of T cells due to rejected transplant tissue or contact with poison ivy

185
Q

Autograft

A

Taking a tissue from one part of the body to another

186
Q

Isograft

A

Between two sets of twins, have same cell makers

187
Q

Alograft

A

Between 2 people with similar matches in HMC1 and blood

188
Q

Xenograft

A

Between animals

Microbio (16 decks)

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