Chapter 3 (EXAM 1) Flashcards

1
Q

How big is bacteria and how is it looked at

A

Most are. 2–2.0 µm

Looked at on a scanning or light microscope

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2
Q

describe a light/compound microscope & its path of light

A

It uses a series of two sets of lenses to magnify the specimen
Light illuminates, illuminator - condenser - through the specimen slide - to the objective lens - to the body tube – through the ocular lens

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3
Q

What is the ocular lens

A

Made of glass, magnifies the image that is created in the body tube. It passes through the glass specimen & oil. The light is absorbed and reflected from the specimen

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4
Q

What is the objective lens

A

It is made of glass, focuses and redirects light, magnifies and creates the image

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5
Q

Why is oil immersion used

A

To direct the light rays up to our eyes, it helps us avoid the spreading of light rays, diffraction

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6
Q

What is diffraction

A

The breaking up of lights into its rainbow colors

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7
Q

What is the resolution

A

The ability of a microscope to distinguish between two objects that are close together

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8
Q

What is Brightfield

A

The path of light/illumination. Produced by regular compound light microscope
Used for stained smears

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9
Q

What is Dark field

A

Helps us view specimen in liquid and shows us the shape and cillia and presence of extremly small organs
Used to observe unstained cells

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10
Q

What is phase contrast

A

When we can see direct lights on an altered specimen that travel different paths from light rays.
Two sets of rays are combined at the top increasing the illumination of the specimen

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11
Q

What is confocal

A

Dark field, allows us to look at a specimen that has not been disorted. It puts together scanned planes, a 3-D view

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12
Q

Describe the electron microscope

A

Used on anything smaller than zero. 2 µm.
Has a projector lens that focuses the electrons onto the view frame and creates a transmission electron micrograph.
Shows light and dark areas.
Because the illuminating source is a beam of electrons, the lenses are magnetic

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13
Q

Describe a transmission electron microscope

A

Electrons pass through the specimen, sliced very thin using a glass knife.
Allows us to see through the specimen because they are very thin.
Something we cannot see with the naked eye

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14
Q

Describe the scanning electron microscope

A

Allows us to see specimens in 3-D and visualize its external structures.
Magnifies many times and has great resolution

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15
Q

What are the scanned probe microscope

A

AFM

STM

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16
Q

Describe the STM

A

Uses a tungsten probe.
Allows us to look at the molecular processing ( clotting blood, nerve impulses ).
Able to see the three dimensional surface of atoms & molecules.
It gives us some idea of the chemical magnetic properties and the temperature difference exhibited inside of a cell.
Overall is used more to look at interactions with atoms and molecules, better used by chemist and physicists

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17
Q

How do you perform a smear

A

Put drop of H2O in the middle of a slide, aseptically add the specimen, smear onto slide making a small stamp, let it air dry 100% on a shelf rack so it dries underneath the slide too, heat fix, stain

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18
Q

What is the purpose of heat fixing

A

So bacteria sticks to the slide, it allows staining without washing off the bacteria, coagulate proteins so they better absorb the same and it kills the bacteria

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19
Q

What happens if you heat fix for too long

A

The bacteria will rupture and it will be distorted

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20
Q

What happens if you don’t fully dry the smear before keep fixing

A

You’ll boil the bacteria

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21
Q

What is simple staining and its stains

A

A basic/positive stain that is attracted by slightly negative charges inside the cells.
Stains include: crystal violet, safranin, methylene blue, malachite green

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22
Q

What is a negative stain and its stains

A

Used when you don’t want to heat fix and you want to look at the structures that will wash away in the stating process, capsules and flagla. Stains the background of the cell and leaves the cells clear for us to view
Stains include: nigroson, congo red, Eosin

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23
Q

What is are differential stains

A

Stains you do beyond in order to determine what bacterial you’re looking at
The stains react differently with different bacteria

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24
Q

describe the acid-fast procedure

A

Steaming bacteria & using alcohol

25
Q

Describe a gram stain and its stains along with results

A

Burstein done to tell us about the bacteria infecting a person and what medication to use

  1. Add primary stain: Crystal Violet, both will be purple
  2. Add mordant: iodine, both will still be purple
  3. Add decolorizer: alcohol, it will destroy the outer lipid membrane so gram-positive = purple gram-negative = clear
  4. Add counterstain: safranin, gram positive = blue/purple gram negative = pink/red
26
Q

gram-positive versus gram-negative in medications

A

Gram positive: antibiotics can destroy its peptidoglycan wall ( penicillin )
Gram negative: will be aggravated by penicillin

27
Q

What are special stains

A

Used to show certain structures that cells may have

examples are: capsule staining, endospore staining, flagella staining

28
Q

Describe capsule staining

A

Involves a positive and nrgative stain.
Negative staining type that uses a positive stain to stain bacteria on the inside and the negative stain that will stain the back.
Allows us to see a clear halo around the bacteria which are the capsules

29
Q

Describe endospore staining

A

Allows us to use malachite green, will stain the endospores, and safranin, will stain rod shaped bacteria, to detect any endospores

30
Q

Describe a flagella staining

A

Allows us to see taild, some of may have 1 others might have more.
Uses a negative stain, mordant, to coat the tail and add more and more layers until the tail becomes visible; kind of like painting

31
Q

After Graham Sting what color are gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacteria

A

Red/pink and blue/purple

32
Q

List in order the 4 chemicals used in gram staining

A
  1. crystal violet, 2. iodine, 3. alcohol, 4. safranin
33
Q

What microscope would you use to view intrusellular structures in the natural state ?

A

A PCM

34
Q

The smaller the ____ of light, the better the ___ of the microscope

A

Wavelength, resolution

35
Q

How do you obtain total magnification of a microscope

A

Objective lens magnification x ocular lens magnification

36
Q

Malachite green and safranin are used in what staining?

A

Endospore staining

37
Q

What microscope allows specimens to emit light when exposed to UV rays

A

Fluorescent microscopy

38
Q

What is accomplished in heat fixing

A

Kills bacteria, organisms stick to slide, coagulate proteins so they better absorb the state

39
Q

What is the function of the ocular lens

A

Re-magnifies the image

40
Q

When would you use a negative stain

A

To determine the morphology and cellular arrangement that is too delicate for heat fixing

41
Q

What are the steps done in lab to view bacterial cells using methaline blue or safferonin

A
  1. prepare fixed smears 2. stain 3. allow rest for 1 min. 4. Rinse with water 5. blot dry
42
Q

Why do mycobacteria tuberculosis appear gram positive although they are not

A

Because of their waxy mycolic cell wall

43
Q

What microscope is uses to view a stained bacterial smear

A

Compound light microscope

44
Q

What microscope is used to view unstained bacterial cells, small with no detail

A

Dark field microscope

45
Q

What microscope is used to view unstained live tissue, some intercelular detail

A

Phase contrast microscope

46
Q

What microscope is used to view a sample that emits light when illuminated with uv light

A

Fluorescence microscope

47
Q

What microscope is used to view intracelular detail of a cell that is 1 micrometer long

A

Electron microscope

48
Q

What microscope is used to view unstained live cell in which intracellular structures are shown

A

Differential interference contrast microscope

49
Q

When staining bacillus with malachite green with Heat and a counterstain with safranin, what are the green structures?

A

Endospores

50
Q

3D images of live cells can be produced with what microscope

A

Confocal

51
Q

Carbolfusuchsin can be used as a simple stain and negative stain, the simple stains PH is ?

A

Higher then the negative stain

52
Q

Which is a non functional analogous pair of stains

A

Nigrosin and malachite green

53
Q

Which of the pairs is mismatched

A

None of the above

54
Q

What stain for capsule

A

Negative stain

55
Q

What stain for cell arrangement

A

Simple stain

56
Q

What stain for cell size

A

Negative stain

57
Q

What stain for bacterial identification

A

Gram stain

58
Q

Viewing gram stained of red cocci and blue rods. You can conclude:

A

Two different species