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Microbio > Chapter 10 (EXAM 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (EXAM 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains

A

Bacteria, Archea, eukarya

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2
Q

What do you need to know to be able to categorize into a domain

A
  1. They are ribosomal DNA, rDNA
  2. If it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
  3. Looking at their transfer RNA, cell membrane lipids, cell wall components
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3
Q

What is Endosymbiosis

A

The theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

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4
Q

Archea characteristics

A

Prokaryotic, CW has no peptidoglycan

Consist of prokaryotes, methanogens, Extreme halophile and thermophils

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5
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A

Prokaryotic, CW has peptidoglycan

Consist of Prokaryotes, gram + and -

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6
Q

Eukarya characteristics

A

Eukaryotic, CW contains carbohydrates

Consists of Fungai, Protista, plants and animals

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7
Q

Describe prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells

A 
Pro:
DNA= attached to cell membrane 
Have histones  only in Archea
Has 70's ribosomes
Grows through binary fission
Eukaryotic:
DNA is in nuclear membrane
Has histones
Has 80's ribosomes
Grows through mitosis
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8
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The science of naming classifying organisms

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9
Q

Organisms starting from domain

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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10
Q

What does it mean the smaller the organism gets

A

The higher the organisms have in similarity

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11
Q

What is a culture

A

Bacteria grown in a media in a particular time ( 1 hour, 48 hours etc)

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12
Q

What is a clone

A

Indicates bacteria assumed to be genetically the same

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13
Q

What do viruses contain

A

No living cells, core, protein coat on the outside and sometimes an envelope

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14
Q

Virus classification is based on what

A

What they have, The tissue or organism they affect and how they multiply

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15
Q

What is morphology

A

The structure

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16
Q

What is colonmorphology

A

How they may appear on the patry dish ( smooth, flat, irregular)

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17
Q

What is staining?

A

The first and most important stain done. Shows whether or not the organisms are gram + or -

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18
Q

Describe biochemical testing

A

Shows us the major differences in party dishes and test tubes Major differences will indicate enzyme activity ( bacteria or yeast)

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19
Q

What does a dichotomous key show

A

If they can ferment lactose

20
Q

Describe enterotubes

A

Identify enteric bacteria that grows in the gut

21
Q

Describe a fatty acid profile

A

Used to identify some organisms

22
Q

Describe flow cytomotry

A

When liquid containing microbes passes through apture that connected to a microscope thats connected to a computer
Counts the cells that go through
Helps indicate physical and chemical characteristics: how big they are, what shape, organisms classification

23
Q

Describe phage typing

A

Seeing if the bacterium is similar to any others
Use a bacteriophage, the virus that infects the bacteria:
will kill bacterial cells
develop clearing area, plaque
Helps see commonalities between that virus and others with similarities

24
Q

Describe PCR

A

Used to amplify the amount of genetic material used for testing, utilizes enzyme that makes many copies of small samples of DNA you have

25
Q

describe rRNA sequencing

A

Classifying organisms by looking at their bases: C, D, A, U

26
Q

Describe DNA hybridization

A

Heating up separate strands and looking to see the degree to which they will combine
complete bind=they 2 are the same
partial bind= may be related
no binding= DNA is completely different

27
Q

Describe DNA probes

A

Help to classify and identify a microb
Is similar to DNA hybridization but the DNA piece used to bind has a fluorescent dye, so results will be based on if there is a color change or not
where binding occurs, there will be a color change

28
Q

Describe DNA chip

A

When multiple DNA probes are done at the same time
Can be manufactured to contain hundreds of thousands if single stranded single sequences
-unknown DNA from a sample is separated into single strands, cut and labeled with dye
-unknown DNA is inserted into the chip and hybridized w/ DNA on the chip
-The tagged DNA will bind to complementary DNA on the chip

29
Q

Describe a southern blot

A

Uses electrophoresis
Utilizes fragmented DNA
-Perform hybridization with glowing probe
-fragment containing the gene of interest is identifies by a band on the filter

30
Q

What is the phylogenetic classification of micro organisms based on?

A

Their evolutionary history

31
Q

What are the characteristics of Archea bacteria

A

Cell wall has no peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
Do not cause disease

32
Q

When in history did the first prokaryotes exist

A

3.5-4 billion years ago

33
Q

Describe the principles behind nucleic acid hybridization

A

It is the binding of strands, helps determine if the two pairs are related at all

34
Q

Describe the characteristics of viruses

A

Are either RNA or DNA, are not living, have no cell wall, have no cytoplasm, or parasitic

35
Q

What do youbacteria have the archea lack

A

A peptidoglycan cell wall

36
Q

What is the difference between 70 and 80 ribosomes

A

70 ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells and are vulnerable to antibiotics
80 ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells and free floating in ER, mitochondria, cytoplasm

37
Q

List the eukaryotic taxonomic grouping

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, Order, family, genus, species

38
Q

List the prokaryote taxonomic groupings

A

Domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, sub species

39
Q

What is serology

A

An antigen with antibodies

40
Q

What does a bacterial biochemical test indicate

A

Enzyme activity/presence

41
Q

What can you conclude about two organisms that share similar rRNA sequences

A

They have common ancestors and they have a higher GC ratio

42
Q

Which is used to classify organisms into the kingdom fungi

A

Absorptive, possesses a cell wall, eukaryotic

43
Q

What is false about the scientific name

A

That the name‘s very by location

44
Q

What is only found in prokaryotic cells

A

Fimbria and peptidoglycan

45
Q

What do all domains have

A

70s ribosomes and a plasma membrane

46
Q

You can identify an unknown bacterium by

A

The percentage of guanine and cytosine

Microbio (16 decks)

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