Chapter 10 (EXAM 1) Flashcards
What are the three domains
Bacteria, Archea, eukarya
What do you need to know to be able to categorize into a domain
- They are ribosomal DNA, rDNA
- If it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
- Looking at their transfer RNA, cell membrane lipids, cell wall components
What is Endosymbiosis
The theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
Archea characteristics
Prokaryotic, CW has no peptidoglycan
Consist of prokaryotes, methanogens, Extreme halophile and thermophils
Bacteria characteristics
Prokaryotic, CW has peptidoglycan
Consist of Prokaryotes, gram + and -
Eukarya characteristics
Eukaryotic, CW contains carbohydrates
Consists of Fungai, Protista, plants and animals
Describe prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells
Pro: DNA= attached to cell membrane Have histones only in Archea Has 70's ribosomes Grows through binary fission
Eukaryotic: DNA is in nuclear membrane Has histones Has 80's ribosomes Grows through mitosis
What is taxonomy
The science of naming classifying organisms
Organisms starting from domain
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What does it mean the smaller the organism gets
The higher the organisms have in similarity
What is a culture
Bacteria grown in a media in a particular time ( 1 hour, 48 hours etc)
What is a clone
Indicates bacteria assumed to be genetically the same
What do viruses contain
No living cells, core, protein coat on the outside and sometimes an envelope
Virus classification is based on what
What they have, The tissue or organism they affect and how they multiply
What is morphology
The structure
What is colonmorphology
How they may appear on the patry dish ( smooth, flat, irregular)
What is staining?
The first and most important stain done. Shows whether or not the organisms are gram + or -
Describe biochemical testing
Shows us the major differences in party dishes and test tubes Major differences will indicate enzyme activity ( bacteria or yeast)
What does a dichotomous key show
If they can ferment lactose
Describe enterotubes
Identify enteric bacteria that grows in the gut
Describe a fatty acid profile
Used to identify some organisms
Describe flow cytomotry
When liquid containing microbes passes through apture that connected to a microscope thats connected to a computer
Counts the cells that go through
Helps indicate physical and chemical characteristics: how big they are, what shape, organisms classification
Describe phage typing
Seeing if the bacterium is similar to any others
Use a bacteriophage, the virus that infects the bacteria:
will kill bacterial cells
develop clearing area, plaque
Helps see commonalities between that virus and others with similarities
Describe PCR
Used to amplify the amount of genetic material used for testing, utilizes enzyme that makes many copies of small samples of DNA you have
describe rRNA sequencing
Classifying organisms by looking at their bases: C, D, A, U
Describe DNA hybridization
Heating up separate strands and looking to see the degree to which they will combine
complete bind=they 2 are the same
partial bind= may be related
no binding= DNA is completely different
Describe DNA probes
Help to classify and identify a microb
Is similar to DNA hybridization but the DNA piece used to bind has a fluorescent dye, so results will be based on if there is a color change or not
where binding occurs, there will be a color change
Describe DNA chip
When multiple DNA probes are done at the same time
Can be manufactured to contain hundreds of thousands if single stranded single sequences
-unknown DNA from a sample is separated into single strands, cut and labeled with dye
-unknown DNA is inserted into the chip and hybridized w/ DNA on the chip
-The tagged DNA will bind to complementary DNA on the chip
Describe a southern blot
Uses electrophoresis
Utilizes fragmented DNA
-Perform hybridization with glowing probe
-fragment containing the gene of interest is identifies by a band on the filter
What is the phylogenetic classification of micro organisms based on?
Their evolutionary history
What are the characteristics of Archea bacteria
Cell wall has no peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
Do not cause disease
When in history did the first prokaryotes exist
3.5-4 billion years ago
Describe the principles behind nucleic acid hybridization
It is the binding of strands, helps determine if the two pairs are related at all
Describe the characteristics of viruses
Are either RNA or DNA, are not living, have no cell wall, have no cytoplasm, or parasitic
What do youbacteria have the archea lack
A peptidoglycan cell wall
What is the difference between 70 and 80 ribosomes
70 ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells and are vulnerable to antibiotics
80 ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells and free floating in ER, mitochondria, cytoplasm
List the eukaryotic taxonomic grouping
Kingdom, phylum, class, Order, family, genus, species
List the prokaryote taxonomic groupings
Domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, sub species
What is serology
An antigen with antibodies
What does a bacterial biochemical test indicate
Enzyme activity/presence
What can you conclude about two organisms that share similar rRNA sequences
They have common ancestors and they have a higher GC ratio
Which is used to classify organisms into the kingdom fungi
Absorptive, possesses a cell wall, eukaryotic
What is false about the scientific name
That the name‘s very by location
What is only found in prokaryotic cells
Fimbria and peptidoglycan
What do all domains have
70s ribosomes and a plasma membrane
You can identify an unknown bacterium by
The percentage of guanine and cytosine
