Chapter 10 (EXAM 1) Flashcards by El S

What are the three domains

Bacteria, Archea, eukarya

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What do you need to know to be able to categorize into a domain

They are ribosomal DNA, rDNA
If it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Looking at their transfer RNA, cell membrane lipids, cell wall components

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What is Endosymbiosis

The theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

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Archea characteristics

Prokaryotic, CW has no peptidoglycan

Consist of prokaryotes, methanogens, Extreme halophile and thermophils

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Bacteria characteristics

Prokaryotic, CW has peptidoglycan

Consist of Prokaryotes, gram + and -

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Eukarya characteristics

Eukaryotic, CW contains carbohydrates

Consists of Fungai, Protista, plants and animals

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Describe prokaryotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells

Pro:
DNA= attached to cell membrane 
Have histones  only in Archea
Has 70's ribosomes
Grows through binary fission

Eukaryotic:
DNA is in nuclear membrane
Has histones
Has 80's ribosomes
Grows through mitosis

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What is taxonomy

The science of naming classifying organisms

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Organisms starting from domain

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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What does it mean the smaller the organism gets

The higher the organisms have in similarity

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What is a culture

Bacteria grown in a media in a particular time ( 1 hour, 48 hours etc)

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What is a clone

Indicates bacteria assumed to be genetically the same

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What do viruses contain

No living cells, core, protein coat on the outside and sometimes an envelope

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Virus classification is based on what

What they have, The tissue or organism they affect and how they multiply

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What is morphology

The structure

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What is colonmorphology

How they may appear on the patry dish ( smooth, flat, irregular)

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What is staining?

The first and most important stain done. Shows whether or not the organisms are gram + or -

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Describe biochemical testing

Shows us the major differences in party dishes and test tubes Major differences will indicate enzyme activity ( bacteria or yeast)

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What does a dichotomous key show

If they can ferment lactose

Describe enterotubes

Identify enteric bacteria that grows in the gut

Describe a fatty acid profile

Used to identify some organisms

Describe flow cytomotry

When liquid containing microbes passes through apture that connected to a microscope thats connected to a computer
Counts the cells that go through
Helps indicate physical and chemical characteristics: how big they are, what shape, organisms classification

Describe phage typing

Seeing if the bacterium is similar to any others
Use a bacteriophage, the virus that infects the bacteria:
will kill bacterial cells
develop clearing area, plaque
Helps see commonalities between that virus and others with similarities

Describe PCR

Used to amplify the amount of genetic material used for testing, utilizes enzyme that makes many copies of small samples of DNA you have

describe rRNA sequencing

Classifying organisms by looking at their bases: C, D, A, U

Describe DNA hybridization

Heating up separate strands and looking to see the degree to which they will combine complete bind=they 2 are the same partial bind= may be related no binding= DNA is completely different

Describe DNA probes

Help to classify and identify a microb Is similar to DNA hybridization but the DNA piece used to bind has a fluorescent dye, so results will be based on if there is a color change or not where binding occurs, there will be a color change

Describe DNA chip

When multiple DNA probes are done at the same time Can be manufactured to contain hundreds of thousands if single stranded single sequences -unknown DNA from a sample is separated into single strands, cut and labeled with dye -unknown DNA is inserted into the chip and hybridized w/ DNA on the chip -The tagged DNA will bind to complementary DNA on the chip

Describe a southern blot

Uses electrophoresis Utilizes fragmented DNA -Perform hybridization with glowing probe -fragment containing the gene of interest is identifies by a band on the filter

What is the phylogenetic classification of micro organisms based on?

Their evolutionary history

What are the characteristics of Archea bacteria

Cell wall has no peptidoglycan Live in extreme environments Do not cause disease

When in history did the first prokaryotes exist

3.5-4 billion years ago

Describe the principles behind nucleic acid hybridization

It is the binding of strands, helps determine if the two pairs are related at all

Describe the characteristics of viruses

Are either RNA or DNA, are not living, have no cell wall, have no cytoplasm, or parasitic

What do youbacteria have the archea lack

A peptidoglycan cell wall

What is the difference between 70 and 80 ribosomes

70 ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells and are vulnerable to antibiotics 80 ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells and free floating in ER, mitochondria, cytoplasm

List the eukaryotic taxonomic grouping

Kingdom, phylum, class, Order, family, genus, species

List the prokaryote taxonomic groupings

Domain, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species, sub species

What is serology

An antigen with antibodies

What does a bacterial biochemical test indicate

Enzyme activity/presence

What can you conclude about two organisms that share similar rRNA sequences

They have common ancestors and they have a higher GC ratio

Which is used to classify organisms into the kingdom fungi

Absorptive, possesses a cell wall, eukaryotic

What is false about the scientific name

That the name‘s very by location

What is only found in prokaryotic cells

Fimbria and peptidoglycan

What do all domains have

70s ribosomes and a plasma membrane

You can identify an unknown bacterium by

The percentage of guanine and cytosine