Chapter 11,21-26 (EXAM 3) Flashcards
What is Mycology
The study of fungai
What are saprophytes
Organism that feeds off of the materials of a dead organism
Fungai vs Bacteria
FUNGAI
Eukaryotic
Have sterols in cw
Cw= chitin. glucons, mannon
Have sexual and asexual reproductive spores
Heterotrophic, aerobic, some facultative anaerobic
Fungai vs Bacteria
BACTERIA
Prokaryotic no sterols in cw, except mysoplasma cw=peptidoglycan Have endospores but not for reproduction Heterotrophic, autotrophic, aerobic, facultative anaerobic
What is budding
When a smaller piece, bud, breaks off the parent cell; leaves a budding scar, is unequal division
Describe a unicellular fungi
Yeast
Exhibits mold like growth and begins to grow hyphostrands when there’s high carbon dioxide and low temperature
Describe a multicellular fungi
Has notable parts:
sporehead-contains spot like spores
aerial hyphae- holds the spores up, stalk like
hyphae-the part thats embedded into the media
vegetative hyphae- absorbs the food from the substrate their sitting on
Mycellium- also known as the thallus, is the body of the fungus
Describe the hyphae
Is septet, has crosswalls that separates cells and nuclei free float, or coenocytic, doesn’t have crosswalls but too has free floating nucli
Live in all habitats: soil, water, on a host
Some are facultative anaerobes ( yeast)
candida sporehead
arranged in chains
arthrocandia sporehead
look like joint fragmants
blastocandida sporehead
formed from buds of yeast
chlamydoconidium sporehead
thick walled cells within the hyphae
sporangiophores sporehead
formed from a sporangium of rhizopus
Asexual vs sexual spores
ASEXUAL
Airborne and germinate immediately once they land
Asexual vs sexual spores
SEXUAL
Formed by some fungi during times of environmental stress
1.2 strands bind:plasmogony 2.zygote forms 3.karyogamly and mitosis occur 4.zygote produces sporangium 5.spores are released from sporangium 6.spores germinate and produce hyphae
What are the functions of spores
They are decomposers, break down already dead material and bring nutrients back to the soil for another to grow
Body yeast live in concert to bacteria on/on our bodies
What infections can fungi cause and why
Fungi reproduces only when bacteria levels are low they can cause
thrush ( in mouth ) no taste, white
Volvovaginitis ( In vagina ) itchy, cheesy discharge
Candidavocins ( Skin ) smells in skin folds
Compared to bacteria, what are the advantages of fungi
Have more compared to bacteria.
can grow in less water, can grow in more hypertonic environment and in lower pH and can live in soil with less nitrogen
BUT endospores of bacteria are better then fungi’s asexual ones
What is a Ascomyse
Have a sac, ascos
Contain penecillin, asperigillus and yeast
Some are anamorphes
What is a basidiomycota
Contain mushrooms, refers to a club
One that causes disease is the cryptococus( comes from pigeon droppings, can cause meningitis )
What is a zygomycota
contains rhizopus
produce asexually and sexually
What is a mycrospordia
were once considered protist
Do not have hyphae, mitochondria or microtubials
Found in chronically ill patients ( AIDS/HIV )
Cause diarrea or cognitive itis
What is the lichen adaptation
2 organisms living together in a symbiotic mutualistic relationship
Between a fungus and something that photosynthesizes
fungus provides a foundation for them, sticks to surfaces and absorbes moisture for photosynthetic partner
algae absorbs sunlight and provides food for the fungus
Once each partner gets what they need from the environment, they separate and cannot come back together again
What is the microriosin adaptation
Symbiotic mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant root
What is histoplasmosis
Comes from the histoplasmosa fungi, highter rates in Mississippi/ohio valley
Ilnness starts at the lungs and spreads to the body systems causing lissions
Obtained from inhalation of spores or digging in the dirt and inhaling that
The spores and fungus is found in the droppings of birds and bats
50 deaths per year, mainly people who live with fungus or are immunocompromised ( AIDS )
What is pheumocytis
A common fungi that causes pneumonia like symptoms in AIDS patients
other common fungai infections include: mucor, rhizopus, asperigillus and candida
What is crytococcosis
A fungi that grows in pigeon and chicken droppings
cause lung lissions, spread through blood and CNS if inhaled
Diagnosed using a light microscope
What is sporotrichosis
Subcutaneous fungi infection that affects gardeners wutg cuts on hands and digging in soil
Can cause blood infections but can be treated with fungicide or potassium iodine solution
What are some cutanous diseases
ring worm: caused by fungi, and moisture
Athlete’s foot: caused by fungi in locations where there’s increased amount of human cells and moisture
What are some examples of opportunistic fungi
Fungi given the opportunity to proliferate will
Candida albicans: unicellular
Oral candidiasis: thrush
What are protozoa
Small animal like organisms that are microscopic and live in moist/watery environments
Eukaryotic, unicellular, chem-heterotrophs and aerobic
L:ive in water environment and most soil
Some go through schizonogy
What are the types of Protista
Cilliate
Amebae
apicomplexa
Euglena
Describe a cilliate
Protozoa
Has cilia on the outside that allows it to move through watery environment
Has a pellicle: flexible cw
sytosome: mouth like structure that allows water to go in
food vacuoles: pinches food as it comes in and left over exits through anal pore region
Describe a Amebae and its diseases
Move by forming psudopods aka fake feet
most are nonpathogenic, the ones that are pathogenic are A.canthamoeba and E.hystolytica
What protozoa causes inflammation of the cornea
A.canthamoeba
What protozoa effects the intestines and breaks up tissue and is gotten from contaminated water
E.hystolytica
What is a plasmodium
A Apicomplexa protozoa
Causes malaria
Causes RBC to rupture, leading to fever, chills and when it gets worse the kidneys fail, ultimately going into the coma
Vector= mosquito
What is a taxoplasmigondia
causes toxoplasmosis, an apicomplexa protozoa
Fetus is the most vulnerable, can get brain damage or death
Adults can get it from undercooked meats
Defenitive host=cat
intermediate host= mice, cattle and adults
Describe a Euglena and its diseases
A protozoa type
Photosynthetic organism thats an autotroph or kemoheterotroph ( eats food in the dark )
trypanasoma, leishmaniasis, nagleria, t-vaginalis, giardia lambia, dinoflagellates
trypanosome
Euglena, 2 types
American version, t-cruzzi, kissing bug. causes inflammation of the heart, colon, esophagus and CNS
African type, tsete fly, sang fly; causes inflammation and people to sleep a lot
leishmaniasis
Euglena. Leaves a skin session and can heal but if it gets into organ, causes death
nagleria
Euglena, Proliferates in water where people swim. causes meaning ensafilatis and kills
T-vaginalis
Euglena. Attaches to the inside or vagina
can get from sitting on toilets, dirty towels, and sexual,
Causes inflammation of urinary tubes and reproductive organs
Giardia Lambia
Euglena. 30% of daycare kids get from contaminated food or water
Often asymptomatic but can have periodic abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, smelly and greasy fecal
dinoflagellates
Euglena. Produce neurotoxins that can paralyze and kill fish, marine mammals and rarely humans
What is Ricketsia
Transmitted via anthropods
Unusual bacteria, gram -, not visible in gram staining
cause spotted fevers
What are the types of rickettsia diseases
Ricketsia provasekia, Ricketsia typhae, Ricketsia ricketsiai
Ricketsia provasekia
Causes epidemic typhus
indirect biological vector: Lice dedicate, humans scratch allowing poop to enter wounds
Causes spotted fever, chills, headaches and aches
Ricketsia typha
Endemic typhus, always present where rats and mice are
Carried by fleas in rodents
Flies bite and gives spotted fever
people can recover from it
Ricketsia ricketsiai
Transmitted via ticks that cause mountain spotted fever
What is Rocky Mountain fever
Tick is the vector
Spotted fever that starts at ankles and wrists and spreads
low platelet count and liver enzymes can be abnormal
death in 30% basis
How can you treat rickettsia
through tetracycline and chlorynfinical
What is chlamydiae
Unusual bacteria, obligate intercellular parasites
different species have different ways of transmission
What are the types of chlamydiae diseases
Chlamydiae trechomatis, PID, Chlamydiae psittcci, Chlamydiae pneumonia
Chlamydiae trechomatis
Sexually transmitted disease
Silent, people can go many years without symptoms and will realize when reproductive structures are damaged
But can also get into other tissues in the body: eye=pink eye
If transmitted reproductively can cause Lymphogranuoloma venerium
What is Lymphogranuoloma venerium
When Chlamydiae trechomatis is transmitted reproductively
Can lead to ectopic pregnancy
Fallopian tubes will become inflamed and cause blockage
can cause painful burning during urination if it gets into the urinary tract
PID
Can be caused by many organisms but can be caused due to prolong infections of chlamydiae
Causes pelvis to become enlarged
Chlamydiae psittcci
Airborne chlamydiae, Type of respiratory pneumonia if inhaled
Causes ornithosis transmitted from domesticated birds
Chlamydiae pneumonia
Airborne chlamydiae, Type of respiratory pneumonia if inhaled
Causes pneumonia
How can chlamydiae be treated
With tetracyclines
What is mycoplasma
Unusual bacteria, found in the early 70’s, confused with viral pneumonia
Only seen with light compound microscope
Grow on horse serum yeast extract media
Fried egg looking colonies, have no cw, outer layer serves as cw and membrane, contains sterols
What are the diseases caused by mycoplasma
Ureaplasma pneumonia and Ureaplasma urealytica
How are mycoplasma treated
With tetracyclines
What are helminths
Parasitic round and flat worms
Eukaryotic and multicellular, few to no symptoms; only their reproductive system is highly developed
Diseases are transmitted via GI tract or FO root
What are the types of helminths
Platyhelminths, Cestodes, Nematodes
Describe a Platyhelminths
A flat helminth
Smaller group= trimatode;fluke
Have suckers that allow them to stick to intestines.
There are liver, blood and lung ones, many others
What is a schistosomiasis
A type of fluke, split body, women lives on bottom reproducing and fertilizing eggs continuously
Man lives at top, using its sucker to attach to host
Is the 2nd to malaria in people killer swimmers itch
What is swimmers itch
Caused by schistosomiasis
blocks veins in the body causing granulomas to develop
obtained from fecal matter of geese/swan
Describe a cestode and its disease
A flat helminth, tapeworm
Many species, fish, pork, beef
Get from eating undercooked meats, eating the worm itself or eating the cysticercus
Attach to intestines with hooks and suckers
Easily transmitted though fecal matter
People who have them are asymptomatic with periodic diarrhea
EAT OUR INTESTINAL FOOD, NOT BLOOD OR TISSUE
causes Hyatids disease
What is hydatids disease
from a cestode
Develops in response to eating larvae, cysts will for and grow, containing gallons of fluids
Form in lungs and liver and bran and can burst=death
Describe a nematode and its illnesses
Round helminths, have a complete digestive system, common ones are pinworms
flookworms EAT OUR BLOOD AND TISSUE
Illnesses: Trichinellosis, Ascariasis, Riverblindness, Whipworm, Elephanitis
What is pica
caused by nematodes, people eat weird items because of low iron due to nematodes eating our blood and tissue
Trichinellosis
Nematode illness. Get when you eat undercooked raccoon or bear.
Causes swelling around eyes and bleeding under nails
Ascariasis
Nematode illness. 30cm long
Worm pops out go anus, mouth, nose, bellybutton
Most widespread disease
Riverblindness
Nematode illness. 2nd leading cause to blindness
Whipworm
Nematode illness. Common and widespread. Children pick up worm
Elephanitis
Nematode illness. Rare. Lymph nodes and vessels get blocked causing large limbs
