Exam Review Flashcards
How have microorganisms shaped our world
Live everywhere
Are decomposers
Fix Co2 and N2
Produce O2
Part of normal flora
Used in biotechnology and genetic engineering
Cause diseases
What microbes are prokaryotic
Archea and Bacteria
What microbes are eukaryotic
Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Helminths
Describe Archea
Prokaryotic,
CW has no peptidoglycan
Consist of prokaryotes, methanogens, Extreme halophile and thermophils
What are the 4 questions addressed in the golden age of microbiology
Is spontaneous generation microbial life possible?
What causes fermentation
What causes disease
How can we prevent infection and disease
What questions are being addressed in the modern age
What is the fourth leading cause of disease in the US
Pasteur
Disapproved biogenesis
“father” of microbiology
Linneus
Created the binomial naming system and The classification of microbs
What is the binomial naming system
Composed of Genus: first word, capitalized always
Species: lowercased always, always underlined or italisized
What is the classification of microbs
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylon, Kingdom, Domain, Life
Leeuwenhock
Invented the first microscope and discovered tiny living organisms, known now as microbs
Saw all 6 of 7 ( all except viruses )
Koch
Germ theory of disease and developed the agar media
What is the germ theory
Specific disease caused by specific microb
Gram
Developed gram staining
Semmelweuss
Introduced hand washing
Lister
Antisepsis- phenol
Nightingale
Aseptic technique and founded the nursing profession
Snow
Father of epidemiology and infection control
Jenner
Father of immunilogy, developed the smallpox vaccine
Ehrlich
Magic bullet theory, drugs that kill bacteria not the patient
Domagk
Developed sulfur drugs
Fleming
Discovered antibiotics, penecillin
What are Koch’s 4 postulates
same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
Pathogen must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
Pure culture must produce disease in a healthy animal
Pathogen isolated from the lab animal mist be identical to the original organism
Why are Koch’s 4 postulates somethings unable to probe a direct correlation btwn microorganisms and disease
Some diseases can be caused by a variant if bacteria(UTI)
Not every disease causing entity can be grown from artificial media (Leprosy )
Cannot use to prove casualty of disease unique to humans (HIV, SIV, FIV )
Pathogenic
Causes disease in most individuals
Oppurtunistic
Pathogenic to individual whose resistance is low
Saprophytic
Usually harmless since they feed off of dead organic matter
What are some products obtained from microbes which are beneficial to man
Yogurt, Cheese, Beer, Wine, Bread, Antibiotics, Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes
What are some new uses for microbes
Making graphene
Mopping up oil spills
Detecting arsenic
Finding tumors
Cutting plastic waste
Glycocalyx
Made of sugars
Provides protection
Prevents phagocytosis, dehydration and retains nutrients and used as an energy source
Flagella
Allows cell to respond to stimuli
Chemotaxis flagella
Moves forward chemicals
Photaxis flagella
Moves forward light
Axial filaments
An endofligellium tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids, corkscrew mobility
Fimbria
Helps bacteria be more pathogenic; allow bacterium to attach, allows eating and reproducing.
It initiates diseases bc baceteriums attach and are hard to grt rid of(UTI/GHONORIA)
Pili
Tube like
Can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info
Helps with attachment to other cells and transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another
Plasmids
Extra pieces of DNA that replicates independently
Help with drug or toxin resistance
Can be transferred from one to another
Used in biotechnology to add new genes to cell
Endospores
Can live forever
Helps cell survive tough environments
How do bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes
B= Responsible fro protein biosynthesis
30s and 50s make 70s ribosome
E=Create proteins
40s and 60s male 80s
Why are viruses not considered living things
They lack cellular structures that allow for growth, reproduction, responsiveness and metabolism
P vs E cells
P= Small
Binary fusion
Simple unicellular organization
No membrane bound organelles
Single cellular
E=Large
Mitosis/Meiosis
Complex
Several organelles
Monotrichous
Single tail
Amphittichous
Single tails at each end
Lophotrichous
2 or more tails at 1 end
Peritrichous
All over cell
Describe basic structure of peptidoglycan
Made of a peptides and 2 sugar (NAM and NAG)
Amino acid chain and cross bridge
Gram + cell wall
Stronger
Thick peptodyglycan
Has teichoci acids that look like nails
Are affected by antibiotics
No utter membrane
Gram- cell wall
Thin Peptidoglycan
Porins
No TA
Endotoxins
Has an extra outer lipid layer
Resistance to antibodies
What is the significance of the cell wall
Maintains cell shape
Point of anchor fro flagella
Protects cell from water pressure
Site of attachment fro some antibiotics
Gram stain & results
Primary stain: Crystal Violet
Iodine
Decolorizer: Alcohol
Counter stain: Safranin
In the end
-=red
+=purple
How does Hypertonic solution inhibit growth
It shrinks or kills the bacteria
3 types of motility
Flagella, Cillia and pseudopods
How does flagellar movement differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Unlike eukaryotes, flagella moves wavelike in prokaryotes not rational
What is the evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory
Both have mitochondria and chloroplast
both divide through binary fusion
Both have circular DNA
All have 70s ribosomes
all same shape
Shapes of cells
Cocci:round
Baccilus: rod
Vibrio: jelly bean
Spirillium: worm like
Catabolism
Breakdown; energy released
Exergonic
Generates heat; ATP
Anabolism
Buildup; Energy is used
Endergonic
ATP is consumes
Metabolism
Sum of the chemical reactions in the organism
Catabolism + Anabolism
How do enzymes promote chemical reactions in the substrates
Lowering activation energy
Apoenzyme
Largest piece, The protein
Coenzyme
2nd largest, The organic factor
Haloenzyme
Results of Apo and Co enzyme coming together, Active/Whole enzyme
Cofactors
Organic factors
Temperature effect on enzyme activity
Dentures protein portion
rising energy=speeds up reaction
low= slows down
pH effects on enzyme activity
Dentures protein
Change of pH will slow down enzyme activity
Photoautotrophs
Use light for energy and CO2 for carbon
Algae is an example
Chemoautotrophs
Uses inorganic compounds for energy and CO2 for carbon
Iron and Archea are examples
Photoheterotrophs
Uses light for energy and organic compounds
Green+Purple non sulfur bacteria are examples
Chemoheterotrophs
Uses same organic substance for both energy and carbon source
All animals are examples
What are the enzymes that enable microbes to deal with toxic forms of oxygen
SOD, Catalse, and Peroxide
Obligate Aerobes
Oxygen required
Obligate Anaerobes
Killed or ceases growth in presence of oxygen
Facultative Anaerobe
Can grow with or without oxygen but grows faster with oxygen
Aerotolerant Anaerobe
Only anaerobic growth but still grows in oxygen/tolerates it
Microaerophills
Grow only in low concentrations of oxygen, killed in high oxygen enviroments
Thermophils
Like warm temp. Live in compost piles, dump, heat resistance
Live in 40-72 range, 62 being their fav temp
Mesophiles
Live within 10-50 range
37 being their fav temp ( body temp)
psychrotrophs
Cold loving organism that can go in fridge range in 0-30
25 being optimum temp
What is the purpose of a streak plate
To separate various types of bacteria present
Defined Media
Media composed of pure culture
Supports growth of micro bacteria
Log Phase
Exponential increase in population
Stationary Phase
When resources become scarce, the number of dying cells dont equal the number of cells dividing
At the end you see less growth, organisms are smaller then normal
Death Phase
Organisms planning for death of population and produce endospores if the bacteria is able to
hyperthermophils
Type of archer, extreme bacteria
Like temperature of 67-110, 94 being fav temp
Selective Medai
Allows the growth of 1 microorganism over the other
Examples are EMB, Pea agar and Maconkey
complex media
contain foods, peptones
serial dilutions
For counting more then 250 colonies in petri plate,
1:100= 1 ml added to the 9 ml of broth
The number of colonies will get lower the more the inoculum is diluted but easier to count bacteria in those
Spread Plate
Same as the put plate method except you spread out the organisms on the surface with beads and colonies grow only on the surface
Pour Plate
Bacterial dilution 1.0-0.1 ml
The disadvantage of this is that bacteria can be destroyed and appear different under than they do above. Hard to identify
1. inoculate an empty plate
2. Add melted agar
3. Swirl to mix
4. Colonies grow underneath(facultative anaerobe) or onto of the agar
Plate Count
When you want to count colonies in a Petri dish but has to be between 25-250
Indirect methods of microbial growth
Turbidity
Metabolic activity and Dry weight
What are the cell wall components for: bacteria, fungi, plants, protists
bacteria=peptidoglycan
fungai=chitin
plants=cellulose
protists=flexible
Fermentation
The conversion of carbohydrates into acids, alcohols, and gases
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, some are photosynthetic, some may have flagella
Respire, ferment, oxidize, reduce, and photosynthesize
Over 500 species are pathogenic to humans
Archea
Prokaryotic, If they have a cw; it has no peptidoglycan, grow in extreme environments (extremophiles), high salt ( halophiles ) or high temp (thermophiles)
Fungi
Eukaryotic, cell wall is made of glycogen and chitin, is a major decomposer and absorber, has a fuzzy cotton appearance
Reproduces sexually or asexually
Plant
Eukaryotic, cell wall is made of cellulose, is photosynthetic
Protozoa
Eukaryotic, cell wall is flexible, unicellular, they absorb their nourishment
Amoeba: move by psudopods
Flagellets: move by flagella
Ciliates: move by cillia
Animal
Eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular because it has no cell wall
Virus
non-cellular, is made of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat which may then be surrounded by an envelope
Only seen in an electron microscope not a light microscope
Who disproved spontaneous generation
Pasteur, proved that licing things come from only living things, known as biogenesis
A piece of meat brings life to tiny worms
Came up with S shape flask to allow air currents to move without organisms forming
Differential
Identify and differentiate microorganisms
