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Microbio > Exam Review > Flashcards

Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

How have microorganisms shaped our world

A

Live everywhere
Are decomposers
Fix Co2 and N2
Produce O2
Part of normal flora
Used in biotechnology and genetic engineering
Cause diseases

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2
Q

What microbes are prokaryotic

A

Archea and Bacteria

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3
Q

What microbes are eukaryotic

A

Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Helminths

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4
Q

Describe Archea

A

Prokaryotic,
CW has no peptidoglycan
Consist of prokaryotes, methanogens, Extreme halophile and thermophils

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5
Q

What are the 4 questions addressed in the golden age of microbiology

A

Is spontaneous generation microbial life possible?
What causes fermentation
What causes disease
How can we prevent infection and disease

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6
Q

What questions are being addressed in the modern age

A

What is the fourth leading cause of disease in the US

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7
Q

Pasteur

A

Disapproved biogenesis
“father” of microbiology

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8
Q

Linneus

A

Created the binomial naming system and The classification of microbs

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9
Q

What is the binomial naming system

A

Composed of Genus: first word, capitalized always
Species: lowercased always, always underlined or italisized

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10
Q

What is the classification of microbs

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylon, Kingdom, Domain, Life

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11
Q

Leeuwenhock

A

Invented the first microscope and discovered tiny living organisms, known now as microbs
Saw all 6 of 7 ( all except viruses )

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12
Q

Koch

A

Germ theory of disease and developed the agar media

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13
Q

What is the germ theory

A

Specific disease caused by specific microb

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14
Q

Gram

A

Developed gram staining

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15
Q

Semmelweuss

A

Introduced hand washing

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16
Q

Lister

A

Antisepsis- phenol

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17
Q

Nightingale

A

Aseptic technique and founded the nursing profession

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18
Q

Snow

A

Father of epidemiology and infection control

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19
Q

Jenner

A

Father of immunilogy, developed the smallpox vaccine

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20
Q

Ehrlich

A

Magic bullet theory, drugs that kill bacteria not the patient

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21
Q

Domagk

A

Developed sulfur drugs

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22
Q

Fleming

A

Discovered antibiotics, penecillin

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23
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates

A

same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
Pathogen must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
Pure culture must produce disease in a healthy animal
Pathogen isolated from the lab animal mist be identical to the original organism

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24
Q

Why are Koch’s 4 postulates somethings unable to probe a direct correlation btwn microorganisms and disease

A

Some diseases can be caused by a variant if bacteria(UTI)
Not every disease causing entity can be grown from artificial media (Leprosy )
Cannot use to prove casualty of disease unique to humans (HIV, SIV, FIV )

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25
Q

Pathogenic

A

Causes disease in most individuals

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26
Q

Oppurtunistic

A

Pathogenic to individual whose resistance is low

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27
Q

Saprophytic

A

Usually harmless since they feed off of dead organic matter

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28
Q

What are some products obtained from microbes which are beneficial to man

A

Yogurt, Cheese, Beer, Wine, Bread, Antibiotics, Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes

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29
Q

What are some new uses for microbes

A

Making graphene
Mopping up oil spills
Detecting arsenic
Finding tumors
Cutting plastic waste

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30
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Made of sugars
Provides protection
Prevents phagocytosis, dehydration and retains nutrients and used as an energy source

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31
Q

Flagella

A

Allows cell to respond to stimuli

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32
Q

Chemotaxis flagella

A

Moves forward chemicals

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33
Q

Photaxis flagella

A

Moves forward light

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34
Q

Axial filaments

A

An endofligellium tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids, corkscrew mobility

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35
Q

Fimbria

A

Helps bacteria be more pathogenic; allow bacterium to attach, allows eating and reproducing.
It initiates diseases bc baceteriums attach and are hard to grt rid of(UTI/GHONORIA)

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36
Q

Pili

A

Tube like
Can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info
Helps with attachment to other cells and transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another

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37
Q

Plasmids

A

Extra pieces of DNA that replicates independently
Help with drug or toxin resistance
Can be transferred from one to another
Used in biotechnology to add new genes to cell

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38
Q

Endospores

A

Can live forever
Helps cell survive tough environments

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39
Q

How do bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes

A

B= Responsible fro protein biosynthesis
30s and 50s make 70s ribosome
E=Create proteins
40s and 60s male 80s

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40
Q

Why are viruses not considered living things

A

They lack cellular structures that allow for growth, reproduction, responsiveness and metabolism

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41
Q

P vs E cells

A

P= Small
Binary fusion
Simple unicellular organization
No membrane bound organelles
Single cellular

E=Large
Mitosis/Meiosis
Complex
Several organelles

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42
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single tail

43
Q

Amphittichous

A

Single tails at each end

44
Q

Lophotrichous

A

2 or more tails at 1 end

45
Q

Peritrichous

A

All over cell

46
Q

Describe basic structure of peptidoglycan

A

Made of a peptides and 2 sugar (NAM and NAG)
Amino acid chain and cross bridge

47
Q

Gram + cell wall

A

Stronger
Thick peptodyglycan
Has teichoci acids that look like nails
Are affected by antibiotics
No utter membrane

48
Q

Gram- cell wall

A

Thin Peptidoglycan
Porins
No TA
Endotoxins
Has an extra outer lipid layer
Resistance to antibodies

49
Q

What is the significance of the cell wall

A

Maintains cell shape
Point of anchor fro flagella
Protects cell from water pressure
Site of attachment fro some antibiotics

50
Q

Gram stain & results

A

Primary stain: Crystal Violet
Iodine
Decolorizer: Alcohol
Counter stain: Safranin

In the end
-=red
+=purple

51
Q

How does Hypertonic solution inhibit growth

A

It shrinks or kills the bacteria

52
Q

3 types of motility

A

Flagella, Cillia and pseudopods

53
Q

How does flagellar movement differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

Unlike eukaryotes, flagella moves wavelike in prokaryotes not rational

54
Q

What is the evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory

A

Both have mitochondria and chloroplast
both divide through binary fusion
Both have circular DNA
All have 70s ribosomes
all same shape

55
Q

Shapes of cells

A

Cocci:round
Baccilus: rod
Vibrio: jelly bean
Spirillium: worm like

56
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown; energy released

57
Q

Exergonic

A

Generates heat; ATP

58
Q

Anabolism

A

Buildup; Energy is used

59
Q

Endergonic

A

ATP is consumes

60
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of the chemical reactions in the organism
Catabolism + Anabolism

61
Q

How do enzymes promote chemical reactions in the substrates

A

Lowering activation energy

62
Q

Apoenzyme

A

Largest piece, The protein

63
Q

Coenzyme

A

2nd largest, The organic factor

64
Q

Haloenzyme

A

Results of Apo and Co enzyme coming together, Active/Whole enzyme

65
Q

Cofactors

A

Organic factors

66
Q

Temperature effect on enzyme activity

A

Dentures protein portion
rising energy=speeds up reaction
low= slows down

67
Q

pH effects on enzyme activity

A

Dentures protein
Change of pH will slow down enzyme activity

68
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Use light for energy and CO2 for carbon
Algae is an example

69
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Uses inorganic compounds for energy and CO2 for carbon
Iron and Archea are examples

70
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Uses light for energy and organic compounds
Green+Purple non sulfur bacteria are examples

71
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Uses same organic substance for both energy and carbon source
All animals are examples

72
Q

What are the enzymes that enable microbes to deal with toxic forms of oxygen

A

SOD, Catalse, and Peroxide

73
Q

Obligate Aerobes

A

Oxygen required

74
Q

Obligate Anaerobes

A

Killed or ceases growth in presence of oxygen

75
Q

Facultative Anaerobe

A

Can grow with or without oxygen but grows faster with oxygen

76
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

A

Only anaerobic growth but still grows in oxygen/tolerates it

77
Q

Microaerophills

A

Grow only in low concentrations of oxygen, killed in high oxygen enviroments

78
Q

Thermophils

A

Like warm temp. Live in compost piles, dump, heat resistance
Live in 40-72 range, 62 being their fav temp

79
Q

Mesophiles

A

Live within 10-50 range
37 being their fav temp ( body temp)

80
Q

psychrotrophs

A

Cold loving organism that can go in fridge range in 0-30
25 being optimum temp

81
Q

What is the purpose of a streak plate

A

To separate various types of bacteria present

82
Q

Defined Media

A

Media composed of pure culture
Supports growth of micro bacteria

83
Q

Log Phase

A

Exponential increase in population

84
Q

Stationary Phase

A

When resources become scarce, the number of dying cells dont equal the number of cells dividing
At the end you see less growth, organisms are smaller then normal

85
Q

Death Phase

A

Organisms planning for death of population and produce endospores if the bacteria is able to

86
Q

hyperthermophils

A

Type of archer, extreme bacteria
Like temperature of 67-110, 94 being fav temp

87
Q

Selective Medai

A

Allows the growth of 1 microorganism over the other
Examples are EMB, Pea agar and Maconkey

88
Q

complex media

A

contain foods, peptones

89
Q

serial dilutions

A

For counting more then 250 colonies in petri plate,
1:100= 1 ml added to the 9 ml of broth
The number of colonies will get lower the more the inoculum is diluted but easier to count bacteria in those

90
Q

Spread Plate

A

Same as the put plate method except you spread out the organisms on the surface with beads and colonies grow only on the surface

91
Q

Pour Plate

A

Bacterial dilution 1.0-0.1 ml
The disadvantage of this is that bacteria can be destroyed and appear different under than they do above. Hard to identify
1. inoculate an empty plate
2. Add melted agar
3. Swirl to mix
4. Colonies grow underneath(facultative anaerobe) or onto of the agar

92
Q

Plate Count

A

When you want to count colonies in a Petri dish but has to be between 25-250

93
Q

Indirect methods of microbial growth

A

Turbidity
Metabolic activity and Dry weight

94
Q

What are the cell wall components for: bacteria, fungi, plants, protists

A

bacteria=peptidoglycan
fungai=chitin
plants=cellulose
protists=flexible

95
Q

Fermentation

A

The conversion of carbohydrates into acids, alcohols, and gases

96
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, some are photosynthetic, some may have flagella
Respire, ferment, oxidize, reduce, and photosynthesize
Over 500 species are pathogenic to humans

97
Q

Archea

A

Prokaryotic, If they have a cw; it has no peptidoglycan, grow in extreme environments (extremophiles), high salt ( halophiles ) or high temp (thermophiles)

98
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, cell wall is made of glycogen and chitin, is a major decomposer and absorber, has a fuzzy cotton appearance
Reproduces sexually or asexually

99
Q

Plant

A

Eukaryotic, cell wall is made of cellulose, is photosynthetic

100
Q

Protozoa

A

Eukaryotic, cell wall is flexible, unicellular, they absorb their nourishment
Amoeba: move by psudopods
Flagellets: move by flagella
Ciliates: move by cillia

101
Q

Animal

A

Eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular because it has no cell wall

102
Q

Virus

A

non-cellular, is made of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat which may then be surrounded by an envelope
Only seen in an electron microscope not a light microscope

103
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur, proved that licing things come from only living things, known as biogenesis
A piece of meat brings life to tiny worms
Came up with S shape flask to allow air currents to move without organisms forming

104
Q

Differential

A

Identify and differentiate microorganisms

Microbio (16 decks)

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