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Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

How have microorganisms shaped our world

A

Live everywhere
Are decomposers
Fix Co2 and N2
Produce O2
Part of normal flora
Used in biotechnology and genetic engineering
Cause diseases

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2
Q

What microbes are prokaryotic

A

Archea and Bacteria

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3
Q

What microbes are eukaryotic

A

Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Helminths

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4
Q

Describe Archea

A

Prokaryotic,
CW has no peptidoglycan
Consist of prokaryotes, methanogens, Extreme halophile and thermophils

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5
Q

What are the 4 questions addressed in the golden age of microbiology

A

Is spontaneous generation microbial life possible?
What causes fermentation
What causes disease
How can we prevent infection and disease

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6
Q

What questions are being addressed in the modern age

A

What is the fourth leading cause of disease in the US

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7
Q

Pasteur

A

Disapproved biogenesis
“father” of microbiology

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8
Q

Linneus

A

Created the binomial naming system and The classification of microbs

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9
Q

What is the binomial naming system

A

Composed of Genus: first word, capitalized always
Species: lowercased always, always underlined or italisized

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10
Q

What is the classification of microbs

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylon, Kingdom, Domain, Life

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11
Q

Leeuwenhock

A

Invented the first microscope and discovered tiny living organisms, known now as microbs
Saw all 6 of 7 ( all except viruses )

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12
Q

Koch

A

Germ theory of disease and developed the agar media

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13
Q

What is the germ theory

A

Specific disease caused by specific microb

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14
Q

Gram

A

Developed gram staining

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15
Q

Semmelweuss

A

Introduced hand washing

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16
Q

Lister

A

Antisepsis- phenol

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17
Q

Nightingale

A

Aseptic technique and founded the nursing profession

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18
Q

Snow

A

Father of epidemiology and infection control

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19
Q

Jenner

A

Father of immunilogy, developed the smallpox vaccine

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20
Q

Ehrlich

A

Magic bullet theory, drugs that kill bacteria not the patient

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21
Q

Domagk

A

Developed sulfur drugs

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22
Q

Fleming

A

Discovered antibiotics, penecillin

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23
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates

A

same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
Pathogen must be isolated from host and grown in pure culture
Pure culture must produce disease in a healthy animal
Pathogen isolated from the lab animal mist be identical to the original organism

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24
Q

Why are Koch’s 4 postulates somethings unable to probe a direct correlation btwn microorganisms and disease

A

Some diseases can be caused by a variant if bacteria(UTI)
Not every disease causing entity can be grown from artificial media (Leprosy )
Cannot use to prove casualty of disease unique to humans (HIV, SIV, FIV )

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25
Pathogenic
Causes disease in most individuals
26
Oppurtunistic
Pathogenic to individual whose resistance is low
27
Saprophytic
Usually harmless since they feed off of dead organic matter
28
What are some products obtained from microbes which are beneficial to man
Yogurt, Cheese, Beer, Wine, Bread, Antibiotics, Vaccines, Vitamins, Enzymes
29
What are some new uses for microbes
Making graphene Mopping up oil spills Detecting arsenic Finding tumors Cutting plastic waste
30
Glycocalyx
Made of sugars Provides protection Prevents phagocytosis, dehydration and retains nutrients and used as an energy source
31
Flagella
Allows cell to respond to stimuli
32
Chemotaxis flagella
Moves forward chemicals
33
Photaxis flagella
Moves forward light
34
Axial filaments
An endofligellium tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids, corkscrew mobility
35
Fimbria
Helps bacteria be more pathogenic; allow bacterium to attach, allows eating and reproducing. It initiates diseases bc baceteriums attach and are hard to grt rid of(UTI/GHONORIA)
36
Pili
Tube like Can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info Helps with attachment to other cells and transfers DNA from one bacterial cell to another
37
Plasmids
Extra pieces of DNA that replicates independently Help with drug or toxin resistance Can be transferred from one to another Used in biotechnology to add new genes to cell
38
Endospores
Can live forever Helps cell survive tough environments
39
How do bacterial ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes
B= Responsible fro protein biosynthesis 30s and 50s make 70s ribosome E=Create proteins 40s and 60s male 80s
40
Why are viruses not considered living things
They lack cellular structures that allow for growth, reproduction, responsiveness and metabolism
41
P vs E cells
P= Small Binary fusion Simple unicellular organization No membrane bound organelles Single cellular E=Large Mitosis/Meiosis Complex Several organelles
42
Monotrichous
Single tail
43
Amphittichous
Single tails at each end
44
Lophotrichous
2 or more tails at 1 end
45
Peritrichous
All over cell
46
Describe basic structure of peptidoglycan
Made of a peptides and 2 sugar (NAM and NAG) Amino acid chain and cross bridge
47
Gram + cell wall
Stronger Thick peptodyglycan Has teichoci acids that look like nails Are affected by antibiotics No utter membrane
48
Gram- cell wall
Thin Peptidoglycan Porins No TA Endotoxins Has an extra outer lipid layer Resistance to antibodies
49
What is the significance of the cell wall
Maintains cell shape Point of anchor fro flagella Protects cell from water pressure Site of attachment fro some antibiotics
50
Gram stain & results
Primary stain: Crystal Violet Iodine Decolorizer: Alcohol Counter stain: Safranin In the end -=red +=purple
51
How does Hypertonic solution inhibit growth
It shrinks or kills the bacteria
52
3 types of motility
Flagella, Cillia and pseudopods
53
How does flagellar movement differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Unlike eukaryotes, flagella moves wavelike in prokaryotes not rational
54
What is the evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory
Both have mitochondria and chloroplast both divide through binary fusion Both have circular DNA All have 70s ribosomes all same shape
55
Shapes of cells
Cocci:round Baccilus: rod Vibrio: jelly bean Spirillium: worm like
56
Catabolism
Breakdown; energy released
57
Exergonic
Generates heat; ATP
58
Anabolism
Buildup; Energy is used
59
Endergonic
ATP is consumes
60
Metabolism
Sum of the chemical reactions in the organism Catabolism + Anabolism
61
How do enzymes promote chemical reactions in the substrates
Lowering activation energy
62
Apoenzyme
Largest piece, The protein
63
Coenzyme
2nd largest, The organic factor
64
Haloenzyme
Results of Apo and Co enzyme coming together, Active/Whole enzyme
65
Cofactors
Organic factors
66
Temperature effect on enzyme activity
Dentures protein portion rising energy=speeds up reaction low= slows down
67
pH effects on enzyme activity
Dentures protein Change of pH will slow down enzyme activity
68
Photoautotrophs
Use light for energy and CO2 for carbon Algae is an example
69
Chemoautotrophs
Uses inorganic compounds for energy and CO2 for carbon Iron and Archea are examples
70
Photoheterotrophs
Uses light for energy and organic compounds Green+Purple non sulfur bacteria are examples
71
Chemoheterotrophs
Uses same organic substance for both energy and carbon source All animals are examples
72
What are the enzymes that enable microbes to deal with toxic forms of oxygen
SOD, Catalse, and Peroxide
73
Obligate Aerobes
Oxygen required
74
Obligate Anaerobes
Killed or ceases growth in presence of oxygen
75
Facultative Anaerobe
Can grow with or without oxygen but grows faster with oxygen
76
Aerotolerant Anaerobe
Only anaerobic growth but still grows in oxygen/tolerates it
77
Microaerophills
Grow only in low concentrations of oxygen, killed in high oxygen enviroments
78
Thermophils
Like warm temp. Live in compost piles, dump, heat resistance Live in 40-72 range, 62 being their fav temp
79
Mesophiles
Live within 10-50 range 37 being their fav temp ( body temp)
80
psychrotrophs
Cold loving organism that can go in fridge range in 0-30 25 being optimum temp
81
What is the purpose of a streak plate
To separate various types of bacteria present
82
Defined Media
Media composed of pure culture Supports growth of micro bacteria
83
Log Phase
Exponential increase in population
84
Stationary Phase
When resources become scarce, the number of dying cells dont equal the number of cells dividing At the end you see less growth, organisms are smaller then normal
85
Death Phase
Organisms planning for death of population and produce endospores if the bacteria is able to
86
hyperthermophils
Type of archer, extreme bacteria Like temperature of 67-110, 94 being fav temp
87
Selective Medai
Allows the growth of 1 microorganism over the other Examples are EMB, Pea agar and Maconkey
88
complex media
contain foods, peptones
89
serial dilutions
For counting more then 250 colonies in petri plate, 1:100= 1 ml added to the 9 ml of broth The number of colonies will get lower the more the inoculum is diluted but easier to count bacteria in those
90
Spread Plate
Same as the put plate method except you spread out the organisms on the surface with beads and colonies grow only on the surface
91
Pour Plate
Bacterial dilution 1.0-0.1 ml The disadvantage of this is that bacteria can be destroyed and appear different under than they do above. Hard to identify 1. inoculate an empty plate 2. Add melted agar 3. Swirl to mix 4. Colonies grow underneath(facultative anaerobe) or onto of the agar
92
Plate Count
When you want to count colonies in a Petri dish but has to be between 25-250
93
Indirect methods of microbial growth
Turbidity Metabolic activity and Dry weight
94
What are the cell wall components for: bacteria, fungi, plants, protists
bacteria=peptidoglycan fungai=chitin plants=cellulose protists=flexible
95
Fermentation
The conversion of carbohydrates into acids, alcohols, and gases
96
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, unicellular, some are photosynthetic, some may have flagella Respire, ferment, oxidize, reduce, and photosynthesize Over 500 species are pathogenic to humans
97
Archea
Prokaryotic, If they have a cw; it has no peptidoglycan, grow in extreme environments (extremophiles), high salt ( halophiles ) or high temp (thermophiles)
98
Fungi
Eukaryotic, cell wall is made of glycogen and chitin, is a major decomposer and absorber, has a fuzzy cotton appearance Reproduces sexually or asexually
99
Plant
Eukaryotic, cell wall is made of cellulose, is photosynthetic
100
Protozoa
Eukaryotic, cell wall is flexible, unicellular, they absorb their nourishment Amoeba: move by psudopods Flagellets: move by flagella Ciliates: move by cillia
101
Animal
Eukaryotic, no cell wall, multicellular because it has no cell wall
102
Virus
non-cellular, is made of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein coat which may then be surrounded by an envelope Only seen in an electron microscope not a light microscope
103
Who disproved spontaneous generation
Pasteur, proved that licing things come from only living things, known as biogenesis A piece of meat brings life to tiny worms Came up with S shape flask to allow air currents to move without organisms forming
104
Differential
Identify and differentiate microorganisms

Microbio (16 decks)

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