Chapter 4 (EXAM 1) Flashcards
What is round bacteria called
Coccus
What is rod shaped bacteria called
Bacillus
What is a cluster called
Staphyloccoci
What is a pearl necklace form called
Streptococci
What is a group of four called
Tetrad
What are the bacterial cell parts in the envelope
All bacteria have a plasma membrane, most have a cell wall and then only some of them will have a capsule/glycocalyx
What is the plasma membrane
A lipid by layer of phospholipid molecules, they help self seal
Is semi permeable, selective on what comes in and out of the cell
What is the cell wall
Contains peptidoglycan: two sugars and a protein
Provides shape to bacteria and attachment of tails
Prevents rupturing when a bacteria is in a hypotonic environment not in a hypertonic environment
What is osmotic lysis
Rupturing that occurs when a bacteria is in a hypotonic environment: too much H2O
Describe a positive cell wall
Has a thick peptidoglycan, are affected by antibiotics, has techoic acids and no outer membrane
Describe a negative cell wall
Has a thin peptidoglycan, has an extra outer lipid layer, resistance to antibodies
What is the glycocalyx
A sugar covering
Can be a capsule, slime layer, or BPS. Is news as means of attachments where they reproduce or get food
Bacterial that have this have a higher virulance, helps prevent phagocytosis and can prevent bacteria from drying out
What parts of the cell prevents phagocytosis
The capsule
What part prevents the bacteria from drying out and losing its food
Slime layer in the gut & vagina
What is the Amphitricous flagella
Duo tails on both sides
What is the lophotricous flagella
A ton of tails on one end
What is the monotrichous flagella
1 tail
What is the peritrious flagella
Tails all over, many tails
What flagella runs and tumbles
Peritrious
What is the axial fillament
An endofligellium tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids
What is the fimbriae
Extensions that allow bacterium to attach, allows eating and reproducing. It initiates diseases bc baceteriums attach and are hard to grt rid of(UTI/GHONORIA)
What is the pillis
Tube like structures that can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info
What is conjugation
What happens when the bacteria enviroment is stressful, it allows for gliding and twitching
Describe a prokaryote cell structures
No nucleus 2 protirn building flagella Capsule or slime layer glucocalyx Plasma membrane bas carbohydrates but no steriols Small ribosomes (70) Circular chromosomes Divides through binary fission
Describe a eukaryote cells structures
Has a nucleus Has complex flagella Glycocalyx is only present in those with no cw When cw is present, is simple Plasma membrane is of carbohydrates and steriols Has large and small ribosome( 70&80) Linear chromosomes Divides through mitosis
What are 70 ribosomes
Found in prokaryotic cells but also in thr mitochondria and cloroplast of eukaryotic cells
What are 80 ribosomes
Found free floating in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
What are organelles
Tiny structures that Eukaryotic cells have, that carry out organ like functions
- Golgi
- er
- lysosome
- mitochondria
What is the golgi apperatus
Series of membranes responsible for packaging protiens
What is the rough and smooth er
Membrane systems inside the cell that allows things to move in and out of the cell
Rough: studded with ribosomes
Smooth: makes lipids and stores other chemicals
What is the lysosome
Made in the rough er. Contains digestive enzyme that breaks down substances
What is the mitochondria
Responsible for the production of ATP
Prokaryotes dont have but can still produce ATP
What is the cristi
Interfolded membrane
What is thr matrix
Watery substance in the cristi
Who has a cell wall
Plants,fungai,protozoa and prokaryotes
Who doesnt have a cell wall
Animal cells, microplasmas and micobacteria
Who has a cytoplasm
Eukaryotes
What are endospores
What some bacteria produce when the enviroment challenges them.
Like a seed it allows for population of cells to overcome then germenate and sprout into a new population
The process is known as sporogenesis
What are inclusions
Small structures within prokaryotic cells that contain compounds
- magentosomes
- metachromatics
- lipid
What are magentosome inclusions
Tiny bodies that contain iron oxide compounds, allow for attatchment
What are metachromatic granules
Tiny bubble like structures that contain phosphate substance voluin, responsible for the production of ATP
What are lipid inclusions
Little bubbles that contain fat
What is diffusion
Passive transport where molecules move from higher to lower concentration without ATP
What is passive transport ?
 when molecules move through plasma membrane, down concentration gradient, from high to low until equilibrium is established
What is osmosis
 passive transport where water moves high to low concentration through aquaporins
What is facilitated diffusion
Movement of molecules down their concentration from high to low through other channels that allows movement for molecules: + and - ions
Also involves the movement of glucose
What is an isotonic solution
Solution that has the same concentration of solute and water on the outside of the cell compared to the solute of water concentration on the inside
solutions match: outside=1% inside=1%
What is a hypotonic solution
More dilute solution.
The solution the cell is in is more watery compared to what’s inside of the cell. causes cells to take in more water and can cause osmotic lysis(cell burst) if cell wall is weak or damaged
What is a hypertonic solution
Is more concentrated in solutes than what is inside of the cell
The cell will lose water if placed the solution, can cause plasmolysis (shrink)
What is tonicity
Getting iv into cells in the body. Need to know how much water a person has in their body to help get IV fluids into a persons cells
What is active transport
Requires ATP and involves transporter proteins moving molecules from low to high concentration
What is group translocation
 changing a substance chemically so it can’t leave, does not occur in eukaryotes
What is Endo symbiosis
The theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
Because prokaryote bacteria has alot in common with mitochondria and chloroplasts, Eukaryotic cell structures.
Prokaryotic bacteria 3.5-4 billion years ago
Eukaryotic bacteria 1.4-2.5 billion years ago
What cellular structures serve as energy reserves
Granules
What happens to cells placed in hypertonic solutions ?
They shrink
Do cell walls keep bacteria from lysing in a hypertonic environment
No
What cell structure maintains cell shape
Cytoskeleton
Of the bacteria shapes, which one can possess an axial filament
Spirillum
What structures can start disease
Fimbriae or glycocalyx or flagella
What are the chemical components of most bacterial cell walls ?
Peptidoglycan, made of MAG & NAM
What allows some bacterial cells to survive environmental changes
Endospores
Attachment to surfaces
fimbriae, glycocalyx
Cell wall formation
plasma membrane
Motility
flagella, pilli
Protection from osmotic lysis
cell wall
Protection from phagocytes
glycocalyx
Resting
endospore
Protein synthesis
ribosomes
Selective permeability
plasma membrane
Transfer of genetic material
pilli
Digestive enzyme storage
lysosome
Oxidation of fatty acids
peroxisomes
Microtubule formation
pericentriolar material
Photosynthesis
chloroplast
Protein synthesis
rough er
Respiration
mitochondria
Secretion
Golgi complex
Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They have 70S ribosomes
Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in distilled water and penicillin?
Sucrose will move into the cell from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-negative bacterium is placed in distilled water and penicillin?
The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.
Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in an aqueous solution of lysozyme and 10% sucrose?
Water will move into the cell.
Which of the following statements best describes what happens to a cell exposed to polymyxins that destroy phospholipids?
any might happen
Which of the following is false about fimbriae?
They are composed of protein
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
glycocalyx—adherence
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
ribosomes—protein storage
You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can assume this cell has
ribosomes
The antibiotic amphotericin B disrupts plasma membranes by combining with sterols; it will affect all of the following cells except
gram-negative bacterial cells
