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Microbio > Chapter 4 (EXAM 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (EXAM 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is round bacteria called

A

Coccus

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2
Q

What is rod shaped bacteria called

A

Bacillus

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3
Q

What is a cluster called

A

Staphyloccoci

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4
Q

What is a pearl necklace form called

A

Streptococci

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5
Q

What is a group of four called

A

Tetrad

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6
Q

What are the bacterial cell parts in the envelope

A

All bacteria have a plasma membrane, most have a cell wall and then only some of them will have a capsule/glycocalyx

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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

A lipid by layer of phospholipid molecules, they help self seal
Is semi permeable, selective on what comes in and out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the cell wall

A

Contains peptidoglycan: two sugars and a protein
Provides shape to bacteria and attachment of tails
Prevents rupturing when a bacteria is in a hypotonic environment not in a hypertonic environment

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9
Q

What is osmotic lysis

A

Rupturing that occurs when a bacteria is in a hypotonic environment: too much H2O

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10
Q

Describe a positive cell wall

A

Has a thick peptidoglycan, are affected by antibiotics, has techoic acids and no outer membrane

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11
Q

Describe a negative cell wall

A

Has a thin peptidoglycan, has an extra outer lipid layer, resistance to antibodies

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12
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

A sugar covering
Can be a capsule, slime layer, or BPS. Is news as means of attachments where they reproduce or get food
Bacterial that have this have a higher virulance, helps prevent phagocytosis and can prevent bacteria from drying out

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13
Q

What parts of the cell prevents phagocytosis

A

The capsule

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14
Q

What part prevents the bacteria from drying out and losing its food

A

Slime layer in the gut & vagina

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15
Q

What is the Amphitricous flagella

A

Duo tails on both sides

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16
Q

What is the lophotricous flagella

A

A ton of tails on one end

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17
Q

What is the monotrichous flagella

A

1 tail

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18
Q

What is the peritrious flagella

A

Tails all over, many tails

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19
Q

What flagella runs and tumbles

A

Peritrious

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20
Q

What is the axial fillament

A

An endofligellium tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids

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21
Q

What is the fimbriae

A

Extensions that allow bacterium to attach, allows eating and reproducing. It initiates diseases bc baceteriums attach and are hard to grt rid of(UTI/GHONORIA)

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22
Q

What is the pillis

A

Tube like structures that can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info

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23
Q

What is conjugation

A

What happens when the bacteria enviroment is stressful, it allows for gliding and twitching

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24
Q

Describe a prokaryote cell structures

A 
No nucleus
2 protirn building flagella 
Capsule or slime layer glucocalyx 
Plasma membrane bas carbohydrates but no steriols
Small ribosomes (70) 
Circular chromosomes
Divides through binary fission
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25
Q

Describe a eukaryote cells structures

A 
Has a nucleus
Has complex flagella
Glycocalyx is only present in those with no cw
When cw is present, is simple
Plasma membrane is of carbohydrates and steriols
Has large and small ribosome( 70&80) 
Linear chromosomes 
Divides through mitosis
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26
Q

What are 70 ribosomes

A

Found in prokaryotic cells but also in thr mitochondria and cloroplast of eukaryotic cells

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27
Q

What are 80 ribosomes

A

Found free floating in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

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28
Q

What are organelles

A

Tiny structures that Eukaryotic cells have, that carry out organ like functions

  • Golgi
  • er
  • lysosome
  • mitochondria
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29
Q

What is the golgi apperatus

A

Series of membranes responsible for packaging protiens

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30
Q

What is the rough and smooth er

A

Membrane systems inside the cell that allows things to move in and out of the cell
Rough: studded with ribosomes
Smooth: makes lipids and stores other chemicals

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31
Q

What is the lysosome

A

Made in the rough er. Contains digestive enzyme that breaks down substances

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32
Q

What is the mitochondria

A

Responsible for the production of ATP

Prokaryotes dont have but can still produce ATP

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33
Q

What is the cristi

A

Interfolded membrane

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34
Q

What is thr matrix

A

Watery substance in the cristi

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35
Q

Who has a cell wall

A

Plants,fungai,protozoa and prokaryotes

36
Q

Who doesnt have a cell wall

A

Animal cells, microplasmas and micobacteria

37
Q

Who has a cytoplasm

A

Eukaryotes

38
Q

What are endospores

A

What some bacteria produce when the enviroment challenges them.
Like a seed it allows for population of cells to overcome then germenate and sprout into a new population
The process is known as sporogenesis

39
Q

What are inclusions

A

Small structures within prokaryotic cells that contain compounds

  • magentosomes
  • metachromatics
  • lipid
40
Q

What are magentosome inclusions

A

Tiny bodies that contain iron oxide compounds, allow for attatchment

41
Q

What are metachromatic granules

A

Tiny bubble like structures that contain phosphate substance voluin, responsible for the production of ATP

42
Q

What are lipid inclusions

A

Little bubbles that contain fat

43
Q

What is diffusion

A

Passive transport where molecules move from higher to lower concentration without ATP

44
Q

What is passive transport ?

A

 when molecules move through plasma membrane, down concentration gradient, from high to low until equilibrium is established

45
Q

What is osmosis

A

 passive transport where water moves high to low concentration through aquaporins

46
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of molecules down their concentration from high to low through other channels that allows movement for molecules: + and - ions
Also involves the movement of glucose

47
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

Solution that has the same concentration of solute and water on the outside of the cell compared to the solute of water concentration on the inside
solutions match: outside=1% inside=1%

48
Q

What is a hypotonic solution

A

More dilute solution.
The solution the cell is in is more watery compared to what’s inside of the cell. causes cells to take in more water and can cause osmotic lysis(cell burst) if cell wall is weak or damaged

49
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

Is more concentrated in solutes than what is inside of the cell
The cell will lose water if placed the solution, can cause plasmolysis (shrink)

50
Q

What is tonicity

A

Getting iv into cells in the body. Need to know how much water a person has in their body to help get IV fluids into a persons cells

51
Q

What is active transport

A

Requires ATP and involves transporter proteins moving molecules from low to high concentration

52
Q

What is group translocation

A

 changing a substance chemically so it can’t leave, does not occur in eukaryotes

53
Q

What is Endo symbiosis

A

The theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
Because prokaryote bacteria has alot in common with mitochondria and chloroplasts, Eukaryotic cell structures.
Prokaryotic bacteria 3.5-4 billion years ago
Eukaryotic bacteria 1.4-2.5 billion years ago

54
Q

What cellular structures serve as energy reserves

A

Granules

55
Q

What happens to cells placed in hypertonic solutions ?

A

They shrink

56
Q

Do cell walls keep bacteria from lysing in a hypertonic environment

A

No

57
Q

What cell structure maintains cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton

58
Q

Of the bacteria shapes, which one can possess an axial filament

A

Spirillum

59
Q

What structures can start disease

A

Fimbriae or glycocalyx or flagella

60
Q

What are the chemical components of most bacterial cell walls ?

A

Peptidoglycan, made of MAG & NAM

61
Q

What allows some bacterial cells to survive environmental changes

A

Endospores

62
Q

Attachment to surfaces

A

fimbriae, glycocalyx

63
Q

Cell wall formation

A

plasma membrane

64
Q

Motility

A

flagella, pilli

65
Q

Protection from osmotic lysis

A

cell wall

66
Q

Protection from phagocytes

A

glycocalyx

67
Q

Resting

A

endospore

68
Q

Protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

69
Q

Selective permeability

A

plasma membrane

70
Q

Transfer of genetic material

A

pilli

71
Q

Digestive enzyme storage

A

lysosome

72
Q

Oxidation of fatty acids

A

peroxisomes

73
Q

Microtubule formation

A

pericentriolar material

74
Q

Photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

75
Q

Protein synthesis

A

rough er

76
Q

Respiration

A

mitochondria

77
Q

Secretion

A

Golgi complex

78
Q

Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

A

They have 70S ribosomes

79
Q

Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in distilled water and penicillin?

A

Sucrose will move into the cell from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

80
Q

Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-negative bacterium is placed in distilled water and penicillin?

A

The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.

81
Q

Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in an aqueous solution of lysozyme and 10% sucrose?

A

Water will move into the cell.

82
Q

Which of the following statements best describes what happens to a cell exposed to polymyxins that destroy phospholipids?

A

any might happen

83
Q

Which of the following is false about fimbriae?

A

They are composed of protein

84
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A

glycocalyx—adherence

85
Q

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A

ribosomes—protein storage

86
Q

You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can assume this cell has

A

ribosomes

87
Q

The antibiotic amphotericin B disrupts plasma membranes by combining with sterols; it will affect all of the following cells except

A

gram-negative bacterial cells

Microbio (16 decks)

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