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Chapter 4 (EXAM 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is round bacteria called

A

Coccus

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2
Q

What is rod shaped bacteria called

A

Bacillus

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3
Q

What is a cluster called

A

Staphyloccoci

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4
Q

What is a pearl necklace form called

A

Streptococci

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5
Q

What is a group of four called

A

Tetrad

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6
Q

What are the bacterial cell parts in the envelope

A

All bacteria have a plasma membrane, most have a cell wall and then only some of them will have a capsule/glycocalyx

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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

A lipid by layer of phospholipid molecules, they help self seal
Is semi permeable, selective on what comes in and out of the cell

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8
Q

What is the cell wall

A

Contains peptidoglycan: two sugars and a protein
Provides shape to bacteria and attachment of tails
Prevents rupturing when a bacteria is in a hypotonic environment not in a hypertonic environment

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9
Q

What is osmotic lysis

A

Rupturing that occurs when a bacteria is in a hypotonic environment: too much H2O

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10
Q

Describe a positive cell wall

A

Has a thick peptidoglycan, are affected by antibiotics, has techoic acids and no outer membrane

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11
Q

Describe a negative cell wall

A

Has a thin peptidoglycan, has an extra outer lipid layer, resistance to antibodies

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12
Q

What is the glycocalyx

A

A sugar covering
Can be a capsule, slime layer, or BPS. Is news as means of attachments where they reproduce or get food
Bacterial that have this have a higher virulance, helps prevent phagocytosis and can prevent bacteria from drying out

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13
Q

What parts of the cell prevents phagocytosis

A

The capsule

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14
Q

What part prevents the bacteria from drying out and losing its food

A

Slime layer in the gut & vagina

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15
Q

What is the Amphitricous flagella

A

Duo tails on both sides

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16
Q

What is the lophotricous flagella

A

A ton of tails on one end

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17
Q

What is the monotrichous flagella

A

1 tail

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18
Q

What is the peritrious flagella

A

Tails all over, many tails

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19
Q

What flagella runs and tumbles

A

Peritrious

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20
Q

What is the axial fillament

A

An endofligellium tail that wraps around the cell, allowing organisms to spiral forward and move easily through fluids

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21
Q

What is the fimbriae

A

Extensions that allow bacterium to attach, allows eating and reproducing. It initiates diseases bc baceteriums attach and are hard to grt rid of(UTI/GHONORIA)

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22
Q

What is the pillis

A

Tube like structures that can be formed by some bacteria in exchange of genetic info

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23
Q

What is conjugation

A

What happens when the bacteria enviroment is stressful, it allows for gliding and twitching

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24
Q

Describe a prokaryote cell structures

A 
No nucleus
2 protirn building flagella 
Capsule or slime layer glucocalyx 
Plasma membrane bas carbohydrates but no steriols
Small ribosomes (70) 
Circular chromosomes
Divides through binary fission
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25
Describe a eukaryote cells structures
``` Has a nucleus Has complex flagella Glycocalyx is only present in those with no cw When cw is present, is simple Plasma membrane is of carbohydrates and steriols Has large and small ribosome( 70&80) Linear chromosomes Divides through mitosis ```
26
What are 70 ribosomes
Found in prokaryotic cells but also in thr mitochondria and cloroplast of eukaryotic cells
27
What are 80 ribosomes
Found free floating in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
28
What are organelles
Tiny structures that Eukaryotic cells have, that carry out organ like functions - Golgi - er - lysosome - mitochondria
29
What is the golgi apperatus
Series of membranes responsible for packaging protiens
30
What is the rough and smooth er
Membrane systems inside the cell that allows things to move in and out of the cell Rough: studded with ribosomes Smooth: makes lipids and stores other chemicals
31
What is the lysosome
Made in the rough er. Contains digestive enzyme that breaks down substances
32
What is the mitochondria
Responsible for the production of ATP | Prokaryotes dont have but can still produce ATP
33
What is the cristi
Interfolded membrane
34
What is thr matrix
Watery substance in the cristi
35
Who has a cell wall
Plants,fungai,protozoa and prokaryotes
36
Who doesnt have a cell wall
Animal cells, microplasmas and micobacteria
37
Who has a cytoplasm
Eukaryotes
38
What are endospores
What some bacteria produce when the enviroment challenges them. Like a seed it allows for population of cells to overcome then germenate and sprout into a new population The process is known as sporogenesis
39
What are inclusions
Small structures within prokaryotic cells that contain compounds - magentosomes - metachromatics - lipid
40
What are magentosome inclusions
Tiny bodies that contain iron oxide compounds, allow for attatchment
41
What are metachromatic granules
Tiny bubble like structures that contain phosphate substance voluin, responsible for the production of ATP
42
What are lipid inclusions
Little bubbles that contain fat
43
What is diffusion
Passive transport where molecules move from higher to lower concentration without ATP
44
What is passive transport ?
 when molecules move through plasma membrane, down concentration gradient, from high to low until equilibrium is established
45
What is osmosis
 passive transport where water moves high to low concentration through aquaporins
46
What is facilitated diffusion
Movement of molecules down their concentration from high to low through other channels that allows movement for molecules: + and - ions Also involves the movement of glucose
47
What is an isotonic solution
Solution that has the same concentration of solute and water on the outside of the cell compared to the solute of water concentration on the inside solutions match: outside=1% inside=1%
48
What is a hypotonic solution
More dilute solution. The solution the cell is in is more watery compared to what’s inside of the cell. causes cells to take in more water and can cause osmotic lysis(cell burst) if cell wall is weak or damaged
49
What is a hypertonic solution
Is more concentrated in solutes than what is inside of the cell The cell will lose water if placed the solution, can cause plasmolysis (shrink)
50
What is tonicity
Getting iv into cells in the body. Need to know how much water a person has in their body to help get IV fluids into a persons cells
51
What is active transport
Requires ATP and involves transporter proteins moving molecules from low to high concentration
52
What is group translocation
 changing a substance chemically so it can’t leave, does not occur in eukaryotes
53
What is Endo symbiosis
The theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes Because prokaryote bacteria has alot in common with mitochondria and chloroplasts, Eukaryotic cell structures. Prokaryotic bacteria 3.5-4 billion years ago Eukaryotic bacteria 1.4-2.5 billion years ago
54
What cellular structures serve as energy reserves
Granules
55
What happens to cells placed in hypertonic solutions ?
They shrink
56
Do cell walls keep bacteria from lysing in a hypertonic environment
No
57
What cell structure maintains cell shape
Cytoskeleton
58
Of the bacteria shapes, which one can possess an axial filament
Spirillum
59
What structures can start disease
Fimbriae or glycocalyx or flagella
60
What are the chemical components of most bacterial cell walls ?
Peptidoglycan, made of MAG & NAM
61
What allows some bacterial cells to survive environmental changes
Endospores
62
Attachment to surfaces
fimbriae, glycocalyx
63
Cell wall formation
plasma membrane
64
Motility
flagella, pilli
65
Protection from osmotic lysis
cell wall
66
Protection from phagocytes
glycocalyx
67
Resting
endospore
68
Protein synthesis
ribosomes
69
Selective permeability
plasma membrane
70
Transfer of genetic material
pilli
71
Digestive enzyme storage
lysosome
72
Oxidation of fatty acids
peroxisomes
73
Microtubule formation
pericentriolar material
74
Photosynthesis
chloroplast
75
Protein synthesis
rough er
76
Respiration
mitochondria
77
Secretion
Golgi complex
78
Which of the following is not a distinguishing characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They have 70S ribosomes
79
Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in distilled water and penicillin?
Sucrose will move into the cell from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
80
Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-negative bacterium is placed in distilled water and penicillin?
The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.
81
Which statement best describes what happens when a gram-positive bacterium is placed in an aqueous solution of lysozyme and 10% sucrose?
Water will move into the cell.
82
Which of the following statements best describes what happens to a cell exposed to polymyxins that destroy phospholipids?
any might happen
83
Which of the following is false about fimbriae?
They are composed of protein
84
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
glycocalyx—adherence
85
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
ribosomes—protein storage
86
You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can assume this cell has
ribosomes
87
The antibiotic amphotericin B disrupts plasma membranes by combining with sterols; it will affect all of the following cells except
gram-negative bacterial cells

Microbio (16 decks)

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