Chapter 16,17,19 (EXAM 4) Flashcards
What is lymph
Clear yellowish fluid that contains lots of WBC
What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic vessels
Absorb lost tissue fluid with proteins and return to cardiovascular system
Absorb lipids and lipid soluble vitamins(A,D,E,K) from GI tract and return to the cardiovascular system
Help fight diseases and defend the body against germs
What is innate non specific defense
Defense against any kind of pathogen, divided into mechanical and chemical barrier
What is the mechanical barrier of defense
The barrier to entry for germs: skin, tears, nose hair
What is the chemical barrier of defense
Includes the lysozyme, immunoglobulin a and acids
What is the lysozyme
Responsible for destroying cw of bacteria: saliva, mucus, urine, oil on skin
What is immuniglobulin a
Responsible for neutralizing germs
What are the acids in the chemical barrier
Inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi (earwax, vagina secretions) and destroys bacteria and toxins (gastric juice)
What is the normal microbiota on the skin
yeast and bacteria
What are natural killer cells
Responsible for shooting out chemicals that cause cytolysis in foreign cells. Do it as a general/innate defense
What are monocytes
Travel to the sire of infection and become macrophages and dendritic cells, second on the scene
What are neutrophils
Highest phagocytic activist
Most abundant, do most of the eating of germs
First to arrive at the scene of infection before monocytes
What do basophils do
Release histamine
What do eosinophils do
Release toxic oxygen compounds, responsible for blowing up parasitic helminths/worms
What are the 3 interferons
Will not prevent virus from attaching but they can prevent replication in the cell and stimulate cleanup
Alpha, Betta, Gamma
Describe the alpha and betta interferons
Are chemical released by viral infected cells and travel to non infected cells to stimulate neighboring cells to produce intracellular antiviral proteins
They prevent virus from replicating inside that unaffected cell
What are complement proteins
Made by the liver and located in the blood plasma
About 30 different ones
Help to defend the body against diseases
3 different pathways
ALL end with the common pathway
What is the common pathway
1 common protein, c3 binds to its 2 active forms C3A and C3B
C3A:responsible for initiating inflammation beginning with chemotoxins
C3B: activates cytolysis and opsonization
C.O.C
What is cytolysis
The poking of holes in foreign cell membrane so they loose their cell contents
What is opsonization
Tagging a germ so a phagocyte eats it
Describe the classical pathway
Antigen combining with an antibody
Describe the Alternative pathway
Lipid carbohydrate complex on a microbes membrane
Factors B,D,P attach to the lipid carb complex
Describe the Lectin pathway
Lectin, liver proteins, combine with carbohydrates on the microbes that contain mannose
What are phagocytes and describe its process
The process to take germs in and destroy them
- germ adhere to phagocyte bc of the protein/sugar OR phagocytes will be attracted to germs bc they are tagged in opsinuzation
- germ is ingested
- put inside a tiny membrane thats punches off to create a phagosome
- germ and lysosome are fused together to create a phagolysosome
- Enzumes begin to digest the micron
- Remaining indigestible materials are expelled
What illnesses interfere with the formation or function go phagolysosome
Chlamydia, HIV and Plasmodium
What are the vasoactive mediators
Kinis, Prostglandins, Leukotriens, Complement, Cytokines
What are the steps of inflammation
Vasodilation: chemicals, vasoactive mediators, are releases by damaged cells
blood clot forms and access forms
WBC work: margination, the phagocytes stick to endothelium and phagocytes then squeeze between the endothelial cells. Phagocytosis of the invading cells occur
Tissue repair: Regenerated epidermis and dermis
What is involved in inflammation
swelling, heat, redness and pain
What is specific/adaptive defense
Involves both hummer immunity and cell mediated immunity
antigens areL exogenous, endogenous, endogenous, happens and epitopes
What is an antigen
Anything that generates an antibody production
What are exogenous antigens
Antigens that are outside a cell, not yet taken into the cell
What are endogenous antigens
Antigens thats have been taken into the cell (when cells become infected with a virus)
What are endogenous antigens
Associates with MHC-1 proteins on the surface of cells
What are haptens
half like antigens, have reactivity in the body but are not able to generate an immune response bc of their lack of immunogensity
ex: poison ivy, detergents, dyes
What are epitopes
Antigenic determinance, portions of a germ that can start an immune response
Germs can have many on their surface
Describe humeral immunity
When germs are floating though the blood stream, they may bump into a b-cell
Those b-cells have now inactivates immunoglobulin D
When ind bumps into a germ, it activates the b-cell to divide(primary response)
When it divides it develops into memory cells and plasma cells
Secondary response occurs once plasma cells and they bump into the cell, the germ will now have more memory cells and plasma cells, chugging out more antibodies. These are faster and more effective and last longer then primary response
Some may be t-cell dependent and will need a t-cell to bind to it
What are plasma cells
Produce antibodies that will bind to the germ, preventing it from moving into cells
What are memory cells
Have IgD to fit specifically to germ next time it bumps into it
Once it does bump into the cell secondary response now occurs
Describe active immunity
When your body is actively producing antibodies against an antigen
Describe passive immunity
When you are the one receiving prepared antibodies
Describe natural active immunity
When one is exposed to a germ by breathing it in or touching it
Describe natural passive immunity
When you receive the prepared antibody by the great milk or placenta
Describe artificially active immunity
Antigen is introduced in a vaccine
Describe artificially passive immunity
Involves a short to needle
Receiving antibodies that are performed ( rabbis and tents )
What is the first antibody produces in response to an antigen
IgM
What is the most abundant and secondary response antigen
IgG
Describe the antibody structure
Also called immunoglobulins proteins
Made up of have and light chains of immunoacids
Heavy are 400 amino acids
Light are 200 amino acids
Contain a content region and variable region
There are 5 types, disolphite bonds hold the chains together
Describe the constant region of the antibody structure
Where the amino acid sequence doesn’t change or alter
Describe the variable region of the antibody structure
Where the amino acid sequence can change or be altered in response to forming a lock and key relationship with the germ
Also referred to as the antigen binding site
IgG antibody
MONOMER
Stimulates phagocytosis
Main antibody in 2nd response
Activates natural killer cells
IgM
PENTAMER, J CHAIN
1st antibody to be produced in response to an infection
Can clump up and grab on to several cells
IgA
DIMER, J CHAIN
Found in body secretions ( saliva, mucus )
Meutralizes germs
IgD
Monomer
B-cell activator
IgE
MONOMER
Involved in allergies and lysis of parasitic worms
What are the functions of anybody’s
- Agglutination
- Osponization
- Neutralization
- Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
- Activation of compliment
What is Agglutination
Clumping, IgM and some IgG
What is Osponization
Tagging the germ so its eaten by a phagocyte
IgG
What is Neutralization
Handcuffing a germ so it doesn’t move forward in the body
IgA and some IgG
What is Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
Involves IgE attaching to the surface of cells to release their granules
What is Activation of compliment
Compliments help to fight off germs
IgE, IgM, IgG ( IgM & IgG activate this function )
Describe cell mediated immunity
Begins Wirth an antigen presenting cell APC
- Antigen presenting cell eats the antigen via phagocytosis and begins to create short protein fragments of germs
- Then combines them with MHC+2 molecules, makes them complex and puts on surface of cells
- Helper t-cells receive the complex and combines its t-cell receptors. They activate the t-cell
- Cytokines causes activation of t-cell and activates b-cells, CTL cells and macrophages
Describe CD8/CTL killer T-cells
Shoot chemicals to destroy virally infected cells or antigens in the body. Release these chemicals once they re dispatched by helper t-cells
- Body cell infected by the viruses calls out for help from the CD8 cell
- Processses endogenous antigen and combines it with some MHC-1. Binds with TH1 cell through t-cell receptor and processed antigen. Promotes secretion of cytokines
- The cytokines activates a precursor CD8, and a clone is produced
- New CD8 releases perforin and lytic enzymes that pokes holes in the infected body cell
What are T-cells
Have 2 main categories, helper and cytotoxic t-cells
What are the principal cells in cell-mediated immunity
Cytotoxic t-cells: release chemicals of destruction. fight against presented buy antigen presenting cell or virally infected cell, alerting system
Helper t-cell: the dispatchers
What are the hypersensitivities
4 types Type 1: anaphylactic Type 2: Cytotoxic Type 3: Immune complex Type 4: Delayed cell mediated The first 3 involve the release of antobodies
Describe Type 1: anaphylactic
Put someone into anaphylactic shock ( shift in body fluid)
Can get from an allergic reaction, drug injections, asthma, insect venom, pollen.
The blood is pulled away in shock from major organs, brain and heart and could cause an adverse response
IgE is the antibody released to cause this shock
Epi pens constrict blood vessels to keep the blood in the chest and head
Describe Type 2: Cytotoxic
Antibodies responding to this are the IgM and IgG
Occurs when someone gets the wrong blood put into their systems and those antibodies will be released causing clumping or from transfusion reactions
Type 3: Immune complex
The antigen will combine with IgM and IgG and cause creation of large complexes that can lodge in body tissues, damaging the tissue and causing inflammation
Serum sickness and Arthur reactions
Type 4: Delayed cell mediated
Involves the release of T-cells, IgE and Allergies
Get from rejection of transplanted tissues or contact with poison ivy, tuberculosis, celiac disease
In response to hapten after coming in contact with them a few days later, activating t-cells
IgE attaches to basopjhilvs causing them to release granules of chemicals, mediators
Describe type 3 inflammation
- Immune complexes are deposited in wall of blood vessel
- Their presence activates complement and attracts inflammatory cells (neutrophils)
- Enzymes released from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cells of basement membrane
What immune diseases are caused by type 2
Graves disease: enlarged thyroid gland
Myasthenia gravis
What immune disease is caused by type 3
Rheumatoid artheritis
What immune disease is caused by type 4
Multiple sclerosis
What diseases are associated with AIDS
Caused from Secondary infections.
Herpes virus , Fungal infections are most prone, specifically Candida albicans,
Cancer, Kaposi Sacroma ( of skin and blood vessels)
There are drugs that can prevent HIC from disguising as DNA and replicating , some will stop the virus from getting in but a lot of them are preventing only
autograft
Taking tissue from 1 part of the body and putting it in another place, not rejected because it belongs to them
for people who get skin burns
isograft
Between a set of twins, both have the same genetic material so they should have the same type of cell markers/ HMC1 proteins
Alografts
Done between 2 people who have similar matches in HMC1 proteins but also type of blood
Xenogratfs
Between animals, if they share genetic material they’re more likely fir a less severe rejection
What do you look at when you grass tissues
MHC-1 proteins and ABO blood system
Type A blood
Receives from A and O
Against B
Type B blood
Revieves from B and O
Against A
Type AB blood
Receives from all
Against none
Type O blood
Receives from O only but donates to everyone
Against A and B
Privileged tissue
Tissue in the body where antibodies don’t circulate ( eye and heart )
These transplants are more successful. bc the body is les Likely to regret them
Mantoux test
IS used to test for allergies, allergens are introduced under the skin and looked at in a few days. If bump forms, the person is sensitive to that allergen
CGD
Someone who has enzyme deficiency in phagocyte and forms large clumps of cells surrounding bacteria and fungi
Disc biosis
Inbalance of normal microbiota
Leading to allergies and asthma, crohns disease
People that get this have possibly been in homes that are too clean
