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Microbio > Chapter 16,17,19 (EXAM 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 16,17,19 (EXAM 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is lymph

A

Clear yellowish fluid that contains lots of WBC

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2
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic vessels

A

Absorb lost tissue fluid with proteins and return to cardiovascular system
Absorb lipids and lipid soluble vitamins(A,D,E,K) from GI tract and return to the cardiovascular system
Help fight diseases and defend the body against germs

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3
Q

What is innate non specific defense

A

Defense against any kind of pathogen, divided into mechanical and chemical barrier

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4
Q

What is the mechanical barrier of defense

A

The barrier to entry for germs: skin, tears, nose hair

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5
Q

What is the chemical barrier of defense

A

Includes the lysozyme, immunoglobulin a and acids

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6
Q

What is the lysozyme

A

Responsible for destroying cw of bacteria: saliva, mucus, urine, oil on skin

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7
Q

What is immuniglobulin a

A

Responsible for neutralizing germs

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8
Q

What are the acids in the chemical barrier

A

Inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi (earwax, vagina secretions) and destroys bacteria and toxins (gastric juice)

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9
Q

What is the normal microbiota on the skin

A

yeast and bacteria

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10
Q

What are natural killer cells

A

Responsible for shooting out chemicals that cause cytolysis in foreign cells. Do it as a general/innate defense

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11
Q

What are monocytes

A

Travel to the sire of infection and become macrophages and dendritic cells, second on the scene

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12
Q

What are neutrophils

A

Highest phagocytic activist
Most abundant, do most of the eating of germs
First to arrive at the scene of infection before monocytes

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13
Q

What do basophils do

A

Release histamine

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14
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Release toxic oxygen compounds, responsible for blowing up parasitic helminths/worms

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15
Q

What are the 3 interferons

A

Will not prevent virus from attaching but they can prevent replication in the cell and stimulate cleanup
Alpha, Betta, Gamma

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16
Q

Describe the alpha and betta interferons

A

Are chemical released by viral infected cells and travel to non infected cells to stimulate neighboring cells to produce intracellular antiviral proteins
They prevent virus from replicating inside that unaffected cell

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17
Q

What are complement proteins

A

Made by the liver and located in the blood plasma
About 30 different ones
Help to defend the body against diseases
3 different pathways
ALL end with the common pathway

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18
Q

What is the common pathway

A

1 common protein, c3 binds to its 2 active forms C3A and C3B
C3A:responsible for initiating inflammation beginning with chemotoxins
C3B: activates cytolysis and opsonization
C.O.C

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19
Q

What is cytolysis

A

The poking of holes in foreign cell membrane so they loose their cell contents

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20
Q

What is opsonization

A

Tagging a germ so a phagocyte eats it

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21
Q

Describe the classical pathway

A

Antigen combining with an antibody

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22
Q

Describe the Alternative pathway

A

Lipid carbohydrate complex on a microbes membrane

Factors B,D,P attach to the lipid carb complex

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23
Q

Describe the Lectin pathway

A

Lectin, liver proteins, combine with carbohydrates on the microbes that contain mannose

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24
Q

What are phagocytes and describe its process

A

The process to take germs in and destroy them

  1. germ adhere to phagocyte bc of the protein/sugar OR phagocytes will be attracted to germs bc they are tagged in opsinuzation
  2. germ is ingested
  3. put inside a tiny membrane thats punches off to create a phagosome
  4. germ and lysosome are fused together to create a phagolysosome
  5. Enzumes begin to digest the micron
  6. Remaining indigestible materials are expelled
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25
Q

What illnesses interfere with the formation or function go phagolysosome

A

Chlamydia, HIV and Plasmodium

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26
Q

What are the vasoactive mediators

A

Kinis, Prostglandins, Leukotriens, Complement, Cytokines

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27
Q

What are the steps of inflammation

A

Vasodilation: chemicals, vasoactive mediators, are releases by damaged cells
blood clot forms and access forms
WBC work: margination, the phagocytes stick to endothelium and phagocytes then squeeze between the endothelial cells. Phagocytosis of the invading cells occur
Tissue repair: Regenerated epidermis and dermis

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28
Q

What is involved in inflammation

A

swelling, heat, redness and pain

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29
Q

What is specific/adaptive defense

A

Involves both hummer immunity and cell mediated immunity

antigens areL exogenous, endogenous, endogenous, happens and epitopes

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30
Q

What is an antigen

A

Anything that generates an antibody production

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31
Q

What are exogenous antigens

A

Antigens that are outside a cell, not yet taken into the cell

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32
Q

What are endogenous antigens

A

Antigens thats have been taken into the cell (when cells become infected with a virus)

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33
Q

What are endogenous antigens

A

Associates with MHC-1 proteins on the surface of cells

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34
Q

What are haptens

A

half like antigens, have reactivity in the body but are not able to generate an immune response bc of their lack of immunogensity
ex: poison ivy, detergents, dyes

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35
Q

What are epitopes

A

Antigenic determinance, portions of a germ that can start an immune response
Germs can have many on their surface

36
Q

Describe humeral immunity

A

When germs are floating though the blood stream, they may bump into a b-cell
Those b-cells have now inactivates immunoglobulin D
When ind bumps into a germ, it activates the b-cell to divide(primary response)
When it divides it develops into memory cells and plasma cells
Secondary response occurs once plasma cells and they bump into the cell, the germ will now have more memory cells and plasma cells, chugging out more antibodies. These are faster and more effective and last longer then primary response
Some may be t-cell dependent and will need a t-cell to bind to it

37
Q

What are plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies that will bind to the germ, preventing it from moving into cells

38
Q

What are memory cells

A

Have IgD to fit specifically to germ next time it bumps into it
Once it does bump into the cell secondary response now occurs

39
Q

Describe active immunity

A

When your body is actively producing antibodies against an antigen

40
Q

Describe passive immunity

A

When you are the one receiving prepared antibodies

41
Q

Describe natural active immunity

A

When one is exposed to a germ by breathing it in or touching it

42
Q

Describe natural passive immunity

A

When you receive the prepared antibody by the great milk or placenta

43
Q

Describe artificially active immunity

A

Antigen is introduced in a vaccine

44
Q

Describe artificially passive immunity

A

Involves a short to needle

Receiving antibodies that are performed ( rabbis and tents )

45
Q

What is the first antibody produces in response to an antigen

A

IgM

46
Q

What is the most abundant and secondary response antigen

A

IgG

47
Q

Describe the antibody structure

A

Also called immunoglobulins proteins
Made up of have and light chains of immunoacids
Heavy are 400 amino acids
Light are 200 amino acids
Contain a content region and variable region
There are 5 types, disolphite bonds hold the chains together

48
Q

Describe the constant region of the antibody structure

A

Where the amino acid sequence doesn’t change or alter

49
Q

Describe the variable region of the antibody structure

A

Where the amino acid sequence can change or be altered in response to forming a lock and key relationship with the germ
Also referred to as the antigen binding site

50
Q

IgG antibody

A

MONOMER
Stimulates phagocytosis
Main antibody in 2nd response
Activates natural killer cells

51
Q

IgM

A

PENTAMER, J CHAIN
1st antibody to be produced in response to an infection
Can clump up and grab on to several cells

52
Q

IgA

A

DIMER, J CHAIN
Found in body secretions ( saliva, mucus )
Meutralizes germs

53
Q

IgD

A

Monomer

B-cell activator

54
Q

IgE

A

MONOMER

Involved in allergies and lysis of parasitic worms

55
Q

What are the functions of anybody’s

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Osponization
  3. Neutralization
  4. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  5. Activation of compliment
56
Q

What is Agglutination

A

Clumping, IgM and some IgG

57
Q

What is Osponization

A

Tagging the germ so its eaten by a phagocyte

IgG

58
Q

What is Neutralization

A

Handcuffing a germ so it doesn’t move forward in the body

IgA and some IgG

59
Q

What is Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

Involves IgE attaching to the surface of cells to release their granules

60
Q

What is Activation of compliment

A

Compliments help to fight off germs

IgE, IgM, IgG ( IgM & IgG activate this function )

61
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A

Begins Wirth an antigen presenting cell APC

  1. Antigen presenting cell eats the antigen via phagocytosis and begins to create short protein fragments of germs
  2. Then combines them with MHC+2 molecules, makes them complex and puts on surface of cells
  3. Helper t-cells receive the complex and combines its t-cell receptors. They activate the t-cell
  4. Cytokines causes activation of t-cell and activates b-cells, CTL cells and macrophages
62
Q

Describe CD8/CTL killer T-cells

A

Shoot chemicals to destroy virally infected cells or antigens in the body. Release these chemicals once they re dispatched by helper t-cells

  1. Body cell infected by the viruses calls out for help from the CD8 cell
  2. Processses endogenous antigen and combines it with some MHC-1. Binds with TH1 cell through t-cell receptor and processed antigen. Promotes secretion of cytokines
  3. The cytokines activates a precursor CD8, and a clone is produced
  4. New CD8 releases perforin and lytic enzymes that pokes holes in the infected body cell
63
Q

What are T-cells

A

Have 2 main categories, helper and cytotoxic t-cells

64
Q

What are the principal cells in cell-mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic t-cells: release chemicals of destruction. fight against presented buy antigen presenting cell or virally infected cell, alerting system
Helper t-cell: the dispatchers

65
Q

What are the hypersensitivities

A 
4 types
Type 1: anaphylactic
Type 2: Cytotoxic
Type 3: Immune complex
Type 4: Delayed cell mediated 
The first 3 involve the release of antobodies
66
Q

Describe Type 1: anaphylactic

A

Put someone into anaphylactic shock ( shift in body fluid)
Can get from an allergic reaction, drug injections, asthma, insect venom, pollen.
The blood is pulled away in shock from major organs, brain and heart and could cause an adverse response
IgE is the antibody released to cause this shock
Epi pens constrict blood vessels to keep the blood in the chest and head

67
Q

Describe Type 2: Cytotoxic

A

Antibodies responding to this are the IgM and IgG
Occurs when someone gets the wrong blood put into their systems and those antibodies will be released causing clumping or from transfusion reactions

68
Q

Type 3: Immune complex

A

The antigen will combine with IgM and IgG and cause creation of large complexes that can lodge in body tissues, damaging the tissue and causing inflammation
Serum sickness and Arthur reactions

69
Q

Type 4: Delayed cell mediated

A

Involves the release of T-cells, IgE and Allergies
Get from rejection of transplanted tissues or contact with poison ivy, tuberculosis, celiac disease
In response to hapten after coming in contact with them a few days later, activating t-cells
IgE attaches to basopjhilvs causing them to release granules of chemicals, mediators

70
Q

Describe type 3 inflammation

A
  1. Immune complexes are deposited in wall of blood vessel
  2. Their presence activates complement and attracts inflammatory cells (neutrophils)
  3. Enzymes released from neutrophils cause damage to endothelial cells of basement membrane
71
Q

What immune diseases are caused by type 2

A

Graves disease: enlarged thyroid gland

Myasthenia gravis

72
Q

What immune disease is caused by type 3

A

Rheumatoid artheritis

73
Q

What immune disease is caused by type 4

A

Multiple sclerosis

74
Q

What diseases are associated with AIDS

A

Caused from Secondary infections.
Herpes virus , Fungal infections are most prone, specifically Candida albicans,
Cancer, Kaposi Sacroma ( of skin and blood vessels)
There are drugs that can prevent HIC from disguising as DNA and replicating , some will stop the virus from getting in but a lot of them are preventing only

75
Q

autograft

A

Taking tissue from 1 part of the body and putting it in another place, not rejected because it belongs to them
for people who get skin burns

76
Q

isograft

A

Between a set of twins, both have the same genetic material so they should have the same type of cell markers/ HMC1 proteins

77
Q

Alografts

A

Done between 2 people who have similar matches in HMC1 proteins but also type of blood

78
Q

Xenogratfs

A

Between animals, if they share genetic material they’re more likely fir a less severe rejection

79
Q

What do you look at when you grass tissues

A

MHC-1 proteins and ABO blood system

80
Q

Type A blood

A

Receives from A and O

Against B

81
Q

Type B blood

A

Revieves from B and O

Against A

82
Q

Type AB blood

A

Receives from all

Against none

83
Q

Type O blood

A

Receives from O only but donates to everyone

Against A and B

84
Q

Privileged tissue

A

Tissue in the body where antibodies don’t circulate ( eye and heart )
These transplants are more successful. bc the body is les Likely to regret them

85
Q

Mantoux test

A

IS used to test for allergies, allergens are introduced under the skin and looked at in a few days. If bump forms, the person is sensitive to that allergen

86
Q

CGD

A

Someone who has enzyme deficiency in phagocyte and forms large clumps of cells surrounding bacteria and fungi

87
Q

Disc biosis

A

Inbalance of normal microbiota
Leading to allergies and asthma, crohns disease
People that get this have possibly been in homes that are too clean

Microbio (16 decks)

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