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Microbio > Chapter 13 (EXAM 4) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (EXAM 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virion ?

A

A complete virus that contains nucleic acids on the inside and a protein coat on the outside, capsid

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2
Q

What is a virus

A

an obligate intercellular parasite, non living structure ( dont have cell structures)
Requires a host cell for reproduction and in order to obtain the raw materials necessary to build a new virus
Nucleic acid is either DNA ORRR RNA not both

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3
Q

What does a complete virion contain

A

The core, genetic material and a capsid on the outside, protein coat

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4
Q

What is the capsid

A

A protein coat used for attachment and protection of nucleic acid from host cell enzymes
Some have an additional envelope on the outside made of phospholipid molecules obtained from exiting a host cell

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5
Q

What are the different shapes of the capsid

A

polyhedral=many faced, helical=cylindrical

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6
Q

Describe helical viruses

A

More cylinder shaped, important viruses: rabid, influenza(enveloped), ebola

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7
Q

Describe polyhedral viruses

A

Have many faces, 20 and 12 corners, important viruses: herpes(enveloped), Adeno, polio

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8
Q

What is a complex virus

A

Bacteriophage
HAs regions that are polyhedral and regions that are helical
Have extra materials that allow them to land on top of a bacterium and inject genetic materials rather then being taken into the cell

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9
Q

Virus vs Bacteria

VIRUS

A 
Intracellular parasite
No cell membrane, ribosomes
No binary fission
Does not generate ATP
Does not work against antibiotics
Has working interferons
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10
Q

Virus vs Bacteria

BACTERIA

A 
Not an intracellular parasite, but Rickettsia Chlanydiae is an exception
Has cell membrane and ribosomes
Binary fission occurs & generates ATP
Works against antibiotics
Has no interferons working
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11
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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12
Q

What is an intracellular ?

A

A virus that is inside of the host cells, aka ALL VIRUSES

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13
Q

What is a host range

A

The organism that the virus can affect and the range of tissue they affect
Only affect plants, animals or certain tissue

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14
Q

Describe the Lytic cycle

A
  1. Phage attaches to the host cell
  2. Penetration occurs; phage penetrates host cell and injects DNA. The capsid stays outside
  3. Biosynthesis; Makes cell host synthesize viral components. Core and capsid are made and need to be put together
  4. Maturation; Viral components are assembled
  5. Release; Host cell lyses and new irons are released
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15
Q

What does Lytic mean

A

To cause post cell death. in order for capsid to attach to bacterial cell wall there has to be a sugar protein interaction

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16
Q

When do viral genes occur

A

during biosynthesis. Involved in synthesis of core

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17
Q

When do late genes occur

A

during biosynthesis. contain recipe on how to make the capsid

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18
Q

What is the Eclipse period

A

Period between infection and virion completion

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19
Q

What is the burst time

A

The time it takes from attachment to being released from a cell, can be hours to minutes

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20
Q

What is the burst size

A

Number of phage particles/viruses being released when going out of a cell

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21
Q

Where does virus replication occur

A

In the cytosol, is messy because lots of the core and capsid is made but fewer complete viruses so there are lots of leftovers in the cytosol

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22
Q

Describe the Lysogenic cycle

A

Another means of viral multiplication, referred to as the temperate cycle
The host cell will recover, not be destroyed like in the lytic
1. Phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA
2.Phage DNA enters lysogenic phase
3.Genetic material can then be recombines with the host genome; prophage
4. The repressor proteins keep the virus and prophage quiet but certain chemicals and UV light will cause it to pop out making the virus active and enter lytic cycle

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23
Q

What are the 3 possible results after lysogenic (temperate) infections

A
  1. Immunity to reinfection by the same exact virus
  2. Phage conversion, host cell is changed bc of presence of viral genes
  3. Specialized transduction, host cell is changed bc of bacterial genes brought in by the virus from a previous infection
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24
Q

Describe transduction

A

When the first bacterium has been infected by the virus, recombination occurs and the prophage is now inside
Something causes genetic makeup to pop out but gal genes are brought out with it
host cell machinery is used to replicate and exit moving onto second bacteria where it will inject its genetic material
Both sets of genes recombine into the host genome and the prophage remains quiet
If the genes seem useful they will keep the genes, if they’re not the bacterium will discard extra genes

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25
What are gal genes
Transcribe enzymes to break down the lactose/sugar
26
Bacterial virus vs Animal virus | BACTERTIAL
Attachment: tail fibers attach to cell wall proteins Entry: by injection into the host cell, capsid remains outside uncoating: not required bc DNA was injected biosynthesis: occurs in cytoplasm Release: Lysogenecy; when virus leaves the host cell is destroyed
27
Bacterial virus vs Animal virus | ANIMAL
Attachment: no cw so attachment happens on the plasma mambrane and glycoproteins Entry: Capsid enters by endocytosis or fusion cell Uncoating: Capsid gets removed bu being enzymatically digested Biosynthesis: Occurs in nucleus ( DNA) then in cytoplasm(RNA) Release: Latency; sloe viral infections, when the virus leaves it will either bud our or rupture plasma membrane. and destroy cell
28
What is Endocytosis
The process of entering the cell
29
What does it mean to be receptor mediated
When the cell indents and surrounds the virus, taking it in
30
What is fusion
When the enveloped virus is released with the capsid and the core directly into the cytoplasm
31
What is Exocytosis
Reffered to as budding, when the virus buds out of the cell If cell membrane is taken the host cell will survive If the cell membrane is not taken with it, the virus will kill the cell bc of so many holes in the cell from leaving
32
What is uncoating
What happens inside of the cell when the host cell enzymes have to digest the capsid ( protein coat )
33
Describe biosynthesis
Requires host cell machinery in order to make the viral parts When the virus comes in, it chops up the host DNA so host cell parts only pay attention to viral DNA This begins the transcribing of viral parts; transcriptase
34
Describe Transcriptase
When essential RNA polymers, viral DNA with the use of transcripttase, create RNA.
35
Describe Viral multiplication in animal cells
1. Attachment: Virion attaches to host cell 2. Entry & Uncoating: Virion enters cell and DNA is uncoated ( lysosomal enzymes digest protein capsid) 3. Early genes are transcribed 4. Biosynthesis:Viral DNA is replicated and vital proteins are made 5. Late genes are transcribed, capsid proteins synthesized 6. Maturation: Virions mature and assembly occurs 7. Release: Visions are released
36
What is reverse transcriptase
Enzyme that allows RNA virus to make itself into DNA
37
What is a provirus
A virus that infects bacteria in an animal
38
What is a retrovirus
Viruses that use reverse transcriptase to make themselves into DNA ( HIV )
39
Describe an RNA virus
Some have the ability to transcribe additional pieces of RNA ( - or. + strands ) -: serve as a template to make more positive strands +: has 2 functions; serve as template to make more + & - strands can be incorporated to capsid to make a complete iron could serve as messenger RNA Repliacted in cytoplasm
40
Describe a DNA virus
Have to replicate in the nucleus | Capsid is made in the cytoplasm and has to migrate to nucleus for assembly before leaving the cell as a complete virion
41
DNA virus vs RNA virus | DNA VIRUS
IS replicated in nucleus Capsid is made in the cytoplasm Once the capsid is made it has to migrate to DNA in the nucleus before it exits the cell
42
DNA virus vs RNA virus | RNA VIRUS
Replicate in the cytoplasm Capsid is made in the cytoplasm RNA and capsid are made in the cytoplasm and maturation and assembly Have extra pieces of genetic material, + & - strands
43
What can viruses do when they generate disease
1. Cause circumvention: go around the hosts ability to fight off virus 2. CPE: Cytopathic effect, used for just viruses 3. Loss of contact inhibition: when cells contact one another/touch each other, they re inhibited from utilizing all the resources just for themselves 4. syncytium: fusion of cells from multi nucleic mass. measles, herepes and mumps cause this 5. Permeability: selective in what they allow but some viruses can allow the cell membrane permeability to change so cells are no longer selective 6. AG changes: Ability to generate antibiotic changes in cells which makes body recognize a cell as being foreign 7. Interferons: A/B/G antiviral proteins // stimulate phagocytes to clean up mess of viral parts after a viral infection 8. Inclusions body: Vessicles, inside the host cells after a virus has infected them ( left over viral parts) 9. DNA changes: DNA can be turned off so it no longer produces certain proteins, can be changes to other viruses and can change cancer causing genes to turn on 10. Cellular functions:
44
What is a latent virus
A virus that causes outbreaks with occasional symptoms Cold sores, Leukemia, Shingles (Caused by herpes virus, immunocompromised get this, inflammation and oozing on one side of the body) looks like a hill on a graph
45
What is a Persistent virus
A virus that builds up over time Cervical cancer, HIV/AIDS, Liver cancer looks like a 120 degree up facing v on a graph
46
What are oncogenic viruses
Viruses that could cause cancer | When it infects a host cell, it causes chromosomal changes in the cell; transformation
47
Explain transformation
When the host cells try to tell the immune system they're messed up by putting antigens on their surface, TSTA antigen or T-AG antigen
48
Describe the TSTA antigen
Tumor specific transplantation antigen Antigen that an infected cell outs on its surface to alter the immune system that its not functioning in the body, chromosomes have been messed up
49
What techniques do you need to know to be able to identify a virus
- Morphology of the virus, shape of capsid - What kind of core it has, DNA or RNA, single stranded or double? - What organism it infects, ecological niche - Its strategy for replication, lytic, lysogenic
50
What techniques are used to identify a virus
Plaque method, Embryonate eggs, Animals, Cell cultures
51
Describe the plaque method technique
Used to identify bacteriophages Create a bacterial laden and spread bacteria by using tiny glass beads The virus will leave a clearing area
52
Describe the embryonate eggs technique
Can be used to study viruses Virues can be infected and researchers can see: -certain tissue or cell damage -poxs in membrane -If membrane has died Vaccines have been developed using these eggs
53
Describe the animal technique
Used to study viruses Look for signs and symptoms in the animals look at tissue damage/ malfunction and do biopsy to determine virus
54
Describe the cell culture technique
An ideal way to study viruses because they are obligate intercellular parasites 1. Tissue is treated with enzymes to separate the cells 2. Cells are suspended in multure medium 3. Normal cells will grow in monolayer, the cells that have been transformed will appear in a multilayer stack
55
What is a primary cell line
From a cell culture | Made from tissue slices, they die out in a few generations
56
What is a secondary cell line
From a cell culture | Diploid cell lines, made from human embryos, last for about 100 generations
57
What is a continuous cell line
From a cell culture Immortal cell lines, made from cancer cells, H.L cells are still being used to study and proliferate viruses in a laboratory setting
58
What is a viroid
A short makes RNA plant virus | Do not have a capsid
59
What are virusoids
RNA plant viruses with a capsid
60
When/how does a plant get a virus
Through an insect or through breakage in the plant tissue
61
What are prions
Infectious protein particles | abider 18-20 predations diseases
62
What is ensepalothopy
Gotten from prions, create holes in the neurological tissue Known as mad cow disease Causes other proteins to become diseases, causing more death in the brain Can obtain from digesting it

Microbio (16 decks)

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