Chapter 5 (EXAM 2)

Question 1

What is catabolism

Answer 1

The breakdown of molecules energetic/energy releasing

When molecules are broken down, their bonds are broken and energy is released to make ATP

Question 2

What is coupling

Answer 2

Where 1 reaction is linked to another.

The breakdown of ATP is coupled back to back w/ anabolism

Question 3

What is anabolism

Answer 3

The use of energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up a cell
Reactant to product

Question 4

What are enzymes

Answer 4

Chemicals in the body that cause anabolic reactions to occur, the bodies natural catalyst.
Lower Anabolic energy to perform reactions

Question 5

What is the coenzyme

Answer 5

The part that fits to the apoenzyme to create an active site

Question 6

What is the active site

Answer 6

The part where they connect

Question 7

What does it mean to be substrate specific

Answer 7

To orient the substrate so the likelihood of a reaction occurs
Will only work in certain environments if the environment changes it influences the activity of the enzyme

Question 8

What are the influencing factors of an enzyme

Answer 8

Temperature, pH, substrate specific, competitive inhibitors, noncompetitive inhibitors and feedback inhibition

Question 9

Describe how temperature is an influencing factor

Answer 9

If the temperature of the body goes up or down it will decrease the enzyme activity since enzymes are temperature specific

Question 10

Descrive pH

Answer 10

If the pH goes up, the fungus may have a decrease enzyme activity OR If the pH does down it will become more acidic

Question 11

Describe how substrate concentration is an influencing facotr

Answer 11

If the substrate concentration changes and the body produces the same number of enzymes, the enzyme activity will increase until saturation is reached

Question 12

Describe how competitive inhibitors are an influencing factor

Answer 12

When substrate strong fit like puzzle pieces to the enzyme because the inhibitors attach to the active site

Question 13

Describe how noncompetitive inhibitors are an influencing factor

Answer 13

Molecules that combine with the allosteric site that causes stress to the enzyme bond changing the shape of the active site, not allowing the substrate fits

Question 14

Describe how feedback inhibition is an influencing factor

Answer 14

When bacteria and other organisms conserve their energy for feeding or reproduction. The end product is utilized for cells and some is used to shut down the whole passage
Organism will make what it needs and then it will stop working

Question 15

When does energy transfer occur

Answer 15

During redox reaction

Question 16

What is oxidation/reduction

Answer 16

Always coupled

Where 1 atom loses an electron, there’s another atom around to fain or take that electron

Question 17

What are the 3 ways of ATP generation

Answer 17

Substrate level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation

Question 18

Describe substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 18

When a phosphate os chopped off and put onto ADP in order to generate ATP

Question 19

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 19

Involves the production of ATP from ADP through ETC.. The molecules are responsible for carrying electrons and protons
EUK: along inner mitochondria membrane, the Cristi
PRO: inside the plasma membrane
Accounts for 89-90% of the ATP generated by an organism

Question 20

Describe photophosphorylation

Answer 20

Involves the absorption of the suns energy via pigments like chlorophyll. Occurs in plants, algae and some photosynthetic bacteria
Involves redox reaction and ETC

Question 21

What is respiration

Answer 21

The production of ATP from glucose.
In Pro: 38 generated
In Euk: 36 generated
Divided into 3, Glycolosys, Krebs and ETC
10% of ATP is created in glycolysis and krebs
90% from ETC

Question 22

Describe glycolysis

Answer 22

Involves glucose, Anaerobic process, no oxygen needed
Occurs in the cytosol of Pro and Euk
Have to put in 2 ATP in order for the cycle to start
1.Glucose is sliced in half
2. Those 2 ATP become 4 ATP
3.Through reduction reaction, 2 NADPH result
4. Pyruvic acid is produced from sliced glucoses
END PRODUCTS ARE PYRUVIC ACID AND @ NADH

Question 23

Describe Fermentation

Answer 23

The converting of carbs into acids, alcohols and gasses, O2 is not required. In the absence of O2, organisms that can’t fermented go through anaerobic and use pyruvic acid to produce acids, alcohols and gasses
Strictly fermented bacteria produce their energy via glycolysis

Question 24

Describe Transition Reaction

Answer 24

Where pyruvic acid has to go through conversion to become Acetyl CoA in order for Krebs to occur

Question 25

Describe Krebs Cycle

Answer 25

``` In pro occurs in water, cytosol In euk occurs in mitochondrial matrix The major reactants are: 1 glucose that becomes 2 carbons 2 FADH 2 FADH2 3 NAD that become 6 NADH 1 ATP that becomes 2 ATP for every time the cycle turns 6 CO2 ```

Question 26

Describe ETC

Answer 26

In pro occur along the inner cell membrane In euk occur along the Cristi in mitochondria NADH and FADH2 create ATP at the end As 1 molecule steals electrons and oxidizes the NADH, NAD becomes reduced Hydrogen protons move from high concentration through tunnel and catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to become ATP The final electron acceptor is oxygen, which accepts the electrons as hydrogen to become water

Question 27

What are lipids

Answer 27

Can be used to generate ATP broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol Needed in the body of microorganisms bc they're a source of energy and make up a source of cell membranes

Question 28

What are fatty acids

Answer 28

Long carbon chain that though beta oxidation enters directly into the Krebs cycle by generating a 2 carbon compound, Acetyl coA

Question 29

What are carbohydrates

Answer 29

Primary source for chemical energy production/ ATP production

Question 30

What are proteins

Answer 30

Needed to repair and replace cell structures Can be toxins, enzymes and pigments When canalized there broken down into amino acids

Question 31

Integration pathways

Answer 31

Can go in or out of cell respiration pathway Amino acids can are in the diet of the organism, the organism can use the amino acids in the production of ATP by changing them to oxaloacetic acid If the body needs to make amino acid the Krebs cycle can be stopped to convert oxaloacetic acid to amino acids * E.coli can make amino acids from glucose*

Question 32

What are the alternatives to glycolysis

Answer 32

Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Entour Doudoroff Pathway

Question 33

Describe the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 33

Instead of breaking down 6 glucose like the Krebs cycle, this pathway breaks down 5 carbon sugars, known as pentose. Products are 1 ATP, 1 NADP and 2 NADPH(converts to ATP) Bacteria that have this can operate at the same time as glycolysis

Question 34

Describe the Entour Doudoroff Pathways

Answer 34

Does not operate at the same time as glycolysis Pseudo nomads are the bacteria that utilize this pathway Produces 1 ATP, 1 NADH=3 ATP, 2 NADPH

Question 35

What is photosynthesis

Answer 35

The conversion of light energy from the sun unto chemical energy Involves 2 sub-reactions: Light reaction and dark reaction Dark reaction is split into noncyclic and cynic

Question 36

Describe noncyclic electron flow

Answer 36

Subdivide of Dark reaction 2 groups of pigments When photons hit chlorophyll;; electrons are excited and debunked out their orbitals and get passed down ETC and ATP produced move into and get absorbed by photosystem 1 PRODUCES O2, ATP and NADPH

Question 37

Describe cyclic electron flow

Answer 37

Where electrons are utilized in the ETC in the production of ATP Electrons eventually cycle back to the chlorophyll PRODUCES ONLY ATP

Question 38

Describe Dark reaction

Answer 38

Short term energy molecules, ATP and NADPH, will turn into glucose that can be used to store energy

Question 39

chem-heterotrophs

Answer 39

Chemical carbon source | Most things in the world, animals, fungi, bacteria

Question 40

chemoautotrophs

Answer 40

Chemical is their carbon source | Hydrogen, nitrogen and iron are the energy sources

Question 41

photoheterotrphs

Answer 41

Sunlight is the energy source

Question 42

photoautotrophs

Answer 42

sunlight is the energy source Co2 is the carbon source, is carbon fixating that takes co2 gas out of environment and incorporates it in carbon based molecules, some are oxygenic and sone anoxgenic

Question 43

What happens when CU+1 becomes oxidized

Answer 43

becomes C2+

Question 44

When bacteria metabolizes lipids, pH will

Answer 44

go down

Question 45

What happens to reaction rates when temp goes above optimum and below

Answer 45

the rate of reaction reduces, bc its temp specific!!

Question 46

What part of the enzyme does an allosteric inhibitor bind to

Answer 46

Allosteric site

Question 47

What part of the enzyme does a competitive inhibitor bind to

Answer 47

Active site

Question 48

What kind of relationship do enzyme and substrate form

Answer 48

enzyme substrate complex, lock and key

Question 49

What reactant is required in aerobic reactions

Answer 49

glucose and oxygen

Question 50

Is oxygen needed for respiration to occur

Answer 50

no

Question 51

What reaction produces pyruvic acid as a reactant

Answer 51

glycolysis, is anaerobic

Question 52

Enzyme activity when complexes are saturated

Answer 52

goes up then straight ahead | has to show some activity happened at one point

Question 53

Most enzymes have what suffix

Answer 53

ase or zyme