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Microbio > Chapter 5 (EXAM 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (EXAM 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is catabolism

A

The breakdown of molecules energetic/energy releasing

When molecules are broken down, their bonds are broken and energy is released to make ATP

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2
Q

What is coupling

A

Where 1 reaction is linked to another.

The breakdown of ATP is coupled back to back w/ anabolism

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3
Q

What is anabolism

A

The use of energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up a cell
Reactant to product

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4
Q

What are enzymes

A

Chemicals in the body that cause anabolic reactions to occur, the bodies natural catalyst.
Lower Anabolic energy to perform reactions

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5
Q

What is the coenzyme

A

The part that fits to the apoenzyme to create an active site

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6
Q

What is the active site

A

The part where they connect

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7
Q

What does it mean to be substrate specific

A

To orient the substrate so the likelihood of a reaction occurs
Will only work in certain environments if the environment changes it influences the activity of the enzyme

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8
Q

What are the influencing factors of an enzyme

A

Temperature, pH, substrate specific, competitive inhibitors, noncompetitive inhibitors and feedback inhibition

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9
Q

Describe how temperature is an influencing factor

A

If the temperature of the body goes up or down it will decrease the enzyme activity since enzymes are temperature specific

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10
Q

Descrive pH

A

If the pH goes up, the fungus may have a decrease enzyme activity OR If the pH does down it will become more acidic

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11
Q

Describe how substrate concentration is an influencing facotr

A

If the substrate concentration changes and the body produces the same number of enzymes, the enzyme activity will increase until saturation is reached

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12
Q

Describe how competitive inhibitors are an influencing factor

A

When substrate strong fit like puzzle pieces to the enzyme because the inhibitors attach to the active site

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13
Q

Describe how noncompetitive inhibitors are an influencing factor

A

Molecules that combine with the allosteric site that causes stress to the enzyme bond changing the shape of the active site, not allowing the substrate fits

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14
Q

Describe how feedback inhibition is an influencing factor

A

When bacteria and other organisms conserve their energy for feeding or reproduction. The end product is utilized for cells and some is used to shut down the whole passage
Organism will make what it needs and then it will stop working

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15
Q

When does energy transfer occur

A

During redox reaction

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16
Q

What is oxidation/reduction

A

Always coupled

Where 1 atom loses an electron, there’s another atom around to fain or take that electron

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17
Q

What are the 3 ways of ATP generation

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation

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18
Q

Describe substrate level phosphorylation

A

When a phosphate os chopped off and put onto ADP in order to generate ATP

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19
Q

Describe oxidative phosphorylation

A

Involves the production of ATP from ADP through ETC.. The molecules are responsible for carrying electrons and protons
EUK: along inner mitochondria membrane, the Cristi
PRO: inside the plasma membrane
Accounts for 89-90% of the ATP generated by an organism

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20
Q

Describe photophosphorylation

A

Involves the absorption of the suns energy via pigments like chlorophyll. Occurs in plants, algae and some photosynthetic bacteria
Involves redox reaction and ETC

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21
Q

What is respiration

A

The production of ATP from glucose.
In Pro: 38 generated
In Euk: 36 generated
Divided into 3, Glycolosys, Krebs and ETC
10% of ATP is created in glycolysis and krebs
90% from ETC

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22
Q

Describe glycolysis

A

Involves glucose, Anaerobic process, no oxygen needed
Occurs in the cytosol of Pro and Euk
Have to put in 2 ATP in order for the cycle to start
1.Glucose is sliced in half
2. Those 2 ATP become 4 ATP
3.Through reduction reaction, 2 NADPH result
4. Pyruvic acid is produced from sliced glucoses
END PRODUCTS ARE PYRUVIC ACID AND @ NADH

23
Q

Describe Fermentation

A

The converting of carbs into acids, alcohols and gasses, O2 is not required. In the absence of O2, organisms that can’t fermented go through anaerobic and use pyruvic acid to produce acids, alcohols and gasses
Strictly fermented bacteria produce their energy via glycolysis

24
Q

Describe Transition Reaction

A

Where pyruvic acid has to go through conversion to become Acetyl CoA in order for Krebs to occur

25
Q

Describe Krebs Cycle

A 
In pro occurs in water, cytosol 
In euk occurs in mitochondrial matrix
The major reactants are:
1 glucose that becomes 2 carbons
2 FADH
2 FADH2
3 NAD that become 6 NADH
1 ATP that becomes 2 ATP for every time the cycle turns
6 CO2
26
Q

Describe ETC

A

In pro occur along the inner cell membrane
In euk occur along the Cristi in mitochondria
NADH and FADH2 create ATP at the end
As 1 molecule steals electrons and oxidizes the NADH, NAD becomes reduced
Hydrogen protons move from high concentration through tunnel and catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to become ATP
The final electron acceptor is oxygen, which accepts the electrons as hydrogen to become water

27
Q

What are lipids

A

Can be used to generate ATP
broken down by lipase into fatty acids and glycerol
Needed in the body of microorganisms bc they’re a source of energy and make up a source of cell membranes

28
Q

What are fatty acids

A

Long carbon chain that though beta oxidation enters directly into the Krebs cycle by generating a 2 carbon compound, Acetyl coA

29
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Primary source for chemical energy production/ ATP production

30
Q

What are proteins

A

Needed to repair and replace cell structures
Can be toxins, enzymes and pigments
When canalized there broken down into amino acids

31
Q

Integration pathways

A

Can go in or out of cell respiration pathway
Amino acids can are in the diet of the organism, the organism can use the amino acids in the production of ATP by changing them to oxaloacetic acid
If the body needs to make amino acid the Krebs cycle can be stopped to convert oxaloacetic acid to amino acids
* E.coli can make amino acids from glucose*

32
Q

What are the alternatives to glycolysis

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Entour Doudoroff Pathway

33
Q

Describe the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

A

Instead of breaking down 6 glucose like the Krebs cycle, this pathway breaks down 5 carbon sugars, known as pentose.
Products are 1 ATP, 1 NADP and 2 NADPH(converts to ATP)
Bacteria that have this can operate at the same time as glycolysis

34
Q

Describe the Entour Doudoroff Pathways

A

Does not operate at the same time as glycolysis
Pseudo nomads are the bacteria that utilize this pathway
Produces 1 ATP, 1 NADH=3 ATP, 2 NADPH

35
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energy from the sun unto chemical energy
Involves 2 sub-reactions: Light reaction and dark reaction
Dark reaction is split into noncyclic and cynic

36
Q

Describe noncyclic electron flow

A

Subdivide of Dark reaction
2 groups of pigments
When photons hit chlorophyll;; electrons are excited and debunked out their orbitals and get passed down ETC and ATP produced move into and get absorbed by photosystem 1
PRODUCES O2, ATP and NADPH

37
Q

Describe cyclic electron flow

A

Where electrons are utilized in the ETC in the production of ATP
Electrons eventually cycle back to the chlorophyll
PRODUCES ONLY ATP

38
Q

Describe Dark reaction

A

Short term energy molecules, ATP and NADPH, will turn into glucose that can be used to store energy

39
Q

chem-heterotrophs

A

Chemical carbon source

Most things in the world, animals, fungi, bacteria

40
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

Chemical is their carbon source

Hydrogen, nitrogen and iron are the energy sources

41
Q

photoheterotrphs

A

Sunlight is the energy source

42
Q

photoautotrophs

A

sunlight is the energy source
Co2 is the carbon source, is carbon fixating that takes co2 gas out of environment and incorporates it in carbon based molecules, some are oxygenic and sone anoxgenic

43
Q

What happens when CU+1 becomes oxidized

A

becomes C2+

44
Q

When bacteria metabolizes lipids, pH will

A

go down

45
Q

What happens to reaction rates when temp goes above optimum and below

A

the rate of reaction reduces, bc its temp specific!!

46
Q

What part of the enzyme does an allosteric inhibitor bind to

A

Allosteric site

47
Q

What part of the enzyme does a competitive inhibitor bind to

A

Active site

48
Q

What kind of relationship do enzyme and substrate form

A

enzyme substrate complex, lock and key

49
Q

What reactant is required in aerobic reactions

A

glucose and oxygen

50
Q

Is oxygen needed for respiration to occur

A

no

51
Q

What reaction produces pyruvic acid as a reactant

A

glycolysis, is anaerobic

52
Q

Enzyme activity when complexes are saturated

A

goes up then straight ahead

has to show some activity happened at one point

53
Q

Most enzymes have what suffix

A

ase or zyme

Microbio (16 decks)

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