FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS: DEMOGRAPHY Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 factors that affect the size of a country’s population?

A

-births and immigration increase the population
-deaths and emigration decrease the population
(no. births + no. deaths)
-natural change= no. of births - no. deaths
-net migration= no. of immigrating into a country- no. emigrating from it

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2
Q

what is net migration?

A

-The difference between the number of immigrants entering a country and the number of emigrants leaving

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3
Q

what is the birth rate?

A

-no. of live births per 1000 people

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4
Q

what is the total fertility rate?

A

-average no. of children women all have

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5
Q

what are 2 reasons for changes in fertility and birth rates?

A

-baby booms after 2 world wars and in the 1960s
-fell sharply in the 70s, more in the 80s and 1990s until 2001

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6
Q

what does the change in position of women affect decline in birth rate?

A

-women having other focuses such as their career and doing well in their education as their priority (changes in attitudes)
-other factors such as: educational equality, legal equality, women’s employment, increased divorce, control of fertility

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7
Q

why is there a decline in the infant mortality rate?

A

-improved and better nutrition, better education, role of housewife, improved healthcare services

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8
Q

why are children seen as an economic liability?

A

-up to the 19th century children had worked to support their parents financially but are now a burden and a cost to parent today due to compulsory education, no under-age working

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9
Q

what is child centredness?

A

-social construction of childhood so there is more attention and resources on fewer children.

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10
Q

what is the reason for the slight increase in births since 2001?

A

-birth and fertility due to high immigration to produce a greater fertility rate

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11
Q

effects of changes in fertility: the family

A

-smaller families lead to women working instead and as a result of this roles can be shared equally between husband and wife

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12
Q

effects of changes in fertility: the dependency ratio

A

-The relationship between the size of the working population and the non-working or dependent population
-there will be fewer babies=fewer workers
‘burden of dependency’

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13
Q

effects of changes in fertility: public services and policies?

A

-lower birth rate means fewer services needed and lower cost
-e.g. education= fewer schools/ smaller classes

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14
Q

what is the death rate?

A

-no. of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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15
Q

according to Tranter what was the main reason for the decline in death rate from 1850 to 1970?

A

-because of the vaccinations against diseases like Diphtheria, measles, smallpox, typhoid and TB
-there was a decline in men in dangerous jobs, smaller family size, knowledge of illness, lifestyle changes and natural resistance

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16
Q

by the 1950s, what kind of diseases had become the main cause of death?

A

-diseases of wealth (heart disease cancer) more prominent

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17
Q

what social factors like improved nutrition had an impact on death rates?

A

-IMPROVED NUTRITION: Mckeown(1972) better nutrition meant better resistance to disease and chances of survival
EVALUATION: females live longer despite receiving smaller share of food supply

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18
Q

what social factors like medical improvements had an impact on death rates?

A

-MEDICAL IMPROVEMENTS: had no part in the reduction of deaths from infectious diseases

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19
Q

what social factors like public health measures had an impact on death rates?

A

-PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES: more effective central and local government with the necessary power to pass and enforce laws led to a range of improvements in public health

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20
Q

what other social changes had an impact on death rates?

A

-OTHER SOCIAL CHANGES: the decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining
-smaller families reduced rate of transmission of infection

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21
Q

what social factors like smoking and diet had an impact on death rates?

A

-SMOKING AND DIET: Harper- greatest fall in death rates in recent decades has come not from medical improvement but from a reduction in the no. of people smoking

22
Q

what is life expectancy in comparison from 1900 to 2013

A

how long an average person is expected to live for
-it has greatly increased since 1900
In 1900- 50 for males and 57 for females
In 2013 - 90.7 for males and 94 for females
(women have longer life expectancy by 3 years- 15% reach 100)

23
Q

why was life expectancy low in 1900 and why might social class affect this?

A

-the fact that any infants and children couldn’t survive
-Walker: on average poorest die 7 years earlier than the richest)

24
Q

what was the projected number of centenarians (people over 100 years old) in 2100

A

-15000 (estimated 1million)

25
Ageing population - average age is now nearly 40 why?
- increased life expectancy - low infant mortality - declining fertility
26
what are the effects of ageing population?
-Public services consumed (e.g. healthcare services) -NHS-elderly account for 50% of people in hospitals, 60% of drugs prescribed - More one-person pensioner households (waste of housing with the extra space could be utilized by new families) -Rising dependency ratio (no. retired ppl rises to inc. ratio) {EV: age at which people receive pensions are rising=retire later) - ageism -old people viewed as an issue - not always case
27
what is ageism and what are examples?
-negative stereotyping and unequal treatment of people on the basis of their age -old people seen to be a burden due to their vulnerability so jobs aren't offered to them since they're seen as not useful.
28
what is structured dependency?
-the idea that older people are excluded due to structures of society e.g. having a retirement age
29
how do Marxists view old age in capitalist society?
-Philipson: old age not useful to serve capitalism so they suffer ageism and can lack support (which is often towards women)
30
how does age determine people's roles in modern society?
-due to fixed life stages imposed by society
31
Old age in modern society:
-life is structured into fixed age stages - and age related identities. -Status is determined by our role in production - those excluded from production have a dependent status
32
Old age in postmodern society:
-Fixed stages of life broken down- individuals have a choice of lifestyle - whatever their age.
33
how do people use consumption to create their identities in post modern society?
-consumption is key to identity because according to Hunt: we are what we consume (e.g. feeling old based on what we look like)
34
what does this mean for old people's identities and ageist stereotypes?
-the old are targeted by the market with 'rejuvenation products' -that over 55 year olds should go on holiday
35
what is the result of old people giving into changing ageist stereotypes?
-can create identities with products (emphasis of surface features) -media images become more positive
36
what are 3 policy implications of an ageing population? (how do we finance an ageing population)
-Hirsch (2005) suggests we need new policies , for example: -taxes increase -increased retirement age -encourage moving out into smaller properties
37
what is Migration?
-movement of people , can be internally in a country or internationally
38
Immigration:
-people entering country In uk - 1900s to 1940s - mainly white immigrants Still in 2011 most immigrants were europeans or irish. Immigration and nationality acts tried to restrict non white immigration in 1962-1990.
39
Emigration:
-people leaving a country since 1900- most emigrants have gone to USA, Australia etc push factor - unemployment and economic recession pull factor - higher wages or better opportunities
40
what is Globalisation?
-producing increased migration
41
Differentiation- types of migrant:
- permanent settlers - temporary workers - spouses - refugees
42
what is Super diversity?
-Globalisation has led to migrants coming from a much wider range of countries. They can be divided again by their legal status, ethnic group, culture or religion.
43
class differences among migrants:
-citizens - have full rights - denizens - privileged foreign nationals - helots - disposable labour - poorly paid workers - including illegal trafficked workers
44
Feminsation of migration:
-half global migrants now female - results in globalisation of gender division of labour - as they are given sterotyped roles as carers etc
45
what are hybrid identities?
-Identities which draw on two or more ethnic traditions
46
what are transnational identities?- Eriksen
-migrants don't feel they belong to one country as they keep going back and forth - develop identity of one or more cultures
47
what are hierarchical identities?
-where a person is born into a social ranking but can move up or down based on their own effort , knowledge and skills
48
what is Assimilationism?
-aims to encourage immigrants to adopt language, views etc. Assimilation ideas encourages workers to blame migrants for problems such as unemployment- suggesting that the migrants have 'taken' normal workers jobs.
49
what is Multiculturalism?
-a condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and retain separate cultural identity - however may be limited and only be able to act on it with 'shallow diversity' e.g eating food of culture but not being able to act in a fully immersed way 'deep diversity'.
50
A03: Multicultural policies
- Eriksen distinguishes between 'shallow diversity' and 'deep diversity'. Shallow diversity: regard Chicken Tikka masala as British national dish is accepted by the state. In practise this acceptance is superficial. -Critics of multicultural educational policies celebrate shallow diversity e.g. day on Diwali, Eid while failing to address deeper problems such as racism. - From 1960s there was a move towards multiculturalism however since 9/11 in 2001 policies have swung back to demanding that migrants assimilate culturally.