CRIME AND DEVIANCE TOPIC 9: CONTROL, PUNISHMENT AND VICTIMS Flashcards

Question

what is the Panopticon and how does it lead to self-surveillance?

Answer 1

-It was a design for all prisons, the cells are visible to all guards from a central point; guards are not visible to the prisoners. =Thus, prisoners don't know if they are being watched, but they do know that they might be being watched so have to self-regulate behaviour 'just in case'

Answer 2

- the prison was the 1st institution to introduce conformity through self-surveillance; now hospitals, factories, businesses and schools use it.

Answer 3

-He exaggerates the extent of control; Goffman argues that some people in prison and mental hospitals are able to resist the control. - NORRIS: CCTV - we are aware of the presence but not sure if they are recording is and this has little or no effect on crime, as people still commit crime in places where there is CCTV. - Feminists: KOSKELA: argue that CCTV is an extension of the male gaze (used to control women) - it does not make women feel more secure.

Answer 4

- in late modernity there is an increase in top down centralised surveillance but that there is a 'bottom up approach' where the media allows the masses to see the crimes of the powerful =Synopticon - where everyone watches everyone -social media, people watching, video.

Answer 5

-powerful groups e.g. politicians fear the media's surveillance of them as they may uncover damaging information about them = this acts as a form of social control over their activities

Answer 6

- surveillance done from 'below' the public monitor each other: e.g. mounted video recorders in cars/ on cycle helmets. -can film police wrong doings.

Answer 7

-focuses on groups instead of individuals -not interested in rehabilitating offenders but simply in preventing them from offending -it uses calculations of risk (actuarial analysis) calculates the statistical risk of events happening to particular groups.

Answer 8

- Airport security screening checks are based on known offender risk factors. Using information gathered about passengers (rage, sex, religion, ethnicity), they can be profiled and given a risk score. High scores can be stopped, questioned and searched.

Answer 9

- it's based on analysed limitation strategy by using statistical information to pick out offenders

Answer 10

- categorises people so they can be treated differently according to the level of risk they pose.

Answer 11

- where people are placed under suspicion of wrongdoing because they are in a particular category or group. -e.g. in west midlands, introduced a counter-terrorist scheme in mostly Muslim areas

Answer 12

- in danger of the self-fulfilling prophecy and police prejudice. e.g. DITTON- CCTV operators make discriminatory judgements about who are potential 'suspects' = focus on it's massively disproportionate by targeting young black males

Answer 13

-DETERRENCE -REHABILITATION -INCAPACITATION -RETRIBUTION

Answer 14

-DETERRENCE: Punishing the individual discourages from future offending, 'making an example' of them may also serve as a deterrent to the public.

Answer 15

-REHABILITATION: used to reform or change offenders so they no longer offend. = rehabilitation policies incl. providing education and training for prisoners so that they are able to 'earn an honest living' on release and anger management courses for violent offenders.

Answer 16

-INCAPACITATION: use of punishment to remove the offenders capacity to re-offend =this includes imprisonment, execution, cutting off hand, chemical castration.

Answer 17

-RETRIBUTION: REVENGE ('eye for an eye') a justification for punishing crime that have already been committed rather than preventing future crimes =offenders deserve to be punished and that society is entitled to take its revenge on the offender for having breached moral code.

Answer 18

- to uphold social solidarity and reinforce shared values

Answer 19

- RETRIBUTIVE: punishment is severe and cruel, and its motivation is purely expressive in response to anyone breaking the collective conscience of traditional society - RESTITUITIVE: aims to restore to how they were before the offence was committed (restitution) in modern society

Answer 20

- maintain existing social order. = as part of the 'repressive state apparatus' it is a means of defending ruling class property against the lower classes.

Answer 21

- imprisonment becomes the dominant form of punishment because the capitalist economy is based on the exploitation of wage labour.

Answer 22

- capitalism puts a price on the time, so prisoners do time and pay for their crime/ repay debt = the prison and the capitalist factory both have a similar strict disciplinary style, involving subordination & loss of liberty.

Answer 23

-until the 18th century prison was used for holding offenders prior to their punishment =after the enlightenment period it began to be seen as a form of punishment in itself - offenders would be reformed.

Answer 24

- 2/3 of prisoners go on to commit further crime on release

Answer 25

- populist punitiveness: politicians gain popularity by creating tougher sentences - prisons became a place for not only serious offenders

Answer 26

- incarceration= time in prison -> high rates= becomes the systematic imprisonment of the whole group of the population

Answer 27

- US prison system soaks up about 30-40% of the unemployed thereby =making capitalism look more successful.

Answer 28

- theory of criminal justice whereby prisoners should have the right & positive motivation to gain opportunities for advancement within the criminal justice system

Answer 29

- locked in a cycle of different agents of control throughout your life

Answer 30

- e.g. those brought up in care/foster homes tend to go on to be young offenders, then they may end up in an adult prison and then a psychiatric hospital. -health, housing & social services are increasingly being given a crime control role =often engage in a multi-agency working with the police, sharing data on the same individuals.

Answer 31

- more sanctions e.g. curfews, fines, electronic tagging = gives state opportunities to criminalise people

Answer 32

- the increased range of sanctions available simply enables control to penetrate even deeper into society.

Answer 33

Victimology = study of the relationship between victims and their offenders. *United Nations = victims 'those who have suffered harm through acts that violate the laws of the state' *Christie (1986) takes a different approach highlighting the notion that 'victim' is a social construct.

Answer 34

- play a key role in the justice system due to their evidence and behaviour contributes towards conviction statistics

Answer 35

-1. aims to identify the factors that produce patterns in victimisation - especially those that make some individuals/ groups more likely to be victims. 2. focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence (crimes between people). 3. aims to identify victims who have contributed to their own victimisation e.g. going out at night, substance and alcohol abuse, provoke someone.

Answer 36

- identify the social & psychological characteristics of victims that make them different from non-victims. HENTIG: identified 13 characteristics of victims e.g. -they are more likely to be female, elderly or 'mentally subnormal' (low IQ) =these factors can also include lifestyle factors such as those who display there wealth.

Answer 37

-☹️ignores wider structural factors such as poverty (marx.) and patriarchy (fem.) ☹️uses victim blaming, e.g. 1-5 are victim precipitated= they deserve what happens to them ☹️ignores situations where victims are unaware of their victimisation

Answer 38

- it's based on conflict theories such as Marxism and Feminism. 1. Structural factors = such as patriarchy and poverty, which place powerless groups e.g. women & the poor at greater risk of victimisation. 2. The state's power to apply or deny the label of the victim = 'victim' is a social construct as CJS are the one with the power e.g. when the police decide not to press charges against a man for assaulting his wife, therefore denying her victim status.

Answer 39

- health & safety breaches at work cause death/injury rarely result in criminal convicts - rape victims under the influence receive less sympathy

Answer 40

- failure to recognise victimisation= hides the extent of crimes of the powerful =creates hierarchy of victimisation as the powerless aren't acknowledged as victims

Answer 41

☹️draws attention to the way the victim status may be given to interpretation ☹️disregards the role victims may play in bringing victimisation on themselves through their own choices e.g. by not making their how secure or their own offering.

Answer 42

*The poorest groups are more likely to be victimised. *e.g., crime rates are typically the highest in areas of high unemployment and deprivation. A03 - MC people are more likely to display their wealth.

Answer 43

-*Younger people are more at risk of victimisation. *those most at risk are infants , whilst teenagers are more vulnerable than adults to offences including assault, sexual harassment, theft and abuse at home. A02 - Baby P and Sarah Payne.

Answer 44

-Minority ethnic groups are at greater risk than whites of being victims of crime in general as well as of racially motivated crimes. *In relation to the police, ethnic minorities, the young and the homeless are more likely to report feeling under protected yet over controlled.

Answer 45

-males are at greater risk than females of becoming victim of violent attacks, especially by stranger e.g. 70% of homicide victims are males. -women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence, sexual violence, stalking and harassment, people trafficking and in times of armed conflict - mass rape as a weapon of war

Answer 46

=refers to the fact that if you have been a victim once you are very likely to be a victim again. -According to the British Crime Survey about 60% of the population have not been victims of any kind of crime in a year whereas 4% of the population are victims of 44% of all crimes in that period.

Answer 47

-crime has serious physical and emotional impacts on its victims. -e.g. research has found a variety of effects (depending on the crime) including disrupted sleep. feelings of helplessness, increased security consciousness and difficulties in social functioning.

Answer 48

- crime may also create indirect victims such as friends, relatives and witnesses to the crime. -Similarly hate crimes against minorities may create 'waves of harm' that radiate out to effect others.

Answer 49

- the idea that in addition to the impact of the crime itself individuals may suffer further victimisation at the hands of the criminal justice system. -Feminists argue that rape victims are often poorly treated by the police and courts and this amounts to double violation.

Answer 50

- crime may create a fear of becoming a victim. Some sociologists argue that surveys show this fear is often irrational. e.g. it is women who are more afraid at going out at night due to fear of attack, yet it is men who are more likely to be victim of an attack.