EDUCATION: 1.1 EXTERNAL FACTORS

Question 1

what is cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

being deprived due to the lack of norms and values

Question 2

what is an external factor?

Answer 2

outside the school e.g. their background/ home life

Question 3

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what was FEINSTEIN’s theory? (2008)

Answer 3

●parents education= key factor for achievement= educated parents teach children how to be educated properly

Question 4

[CULTURAL FACTOR] what was BEREITER AND ENGELMANN (1966) theory?

Answer 4

working class language is DEFICIENT so children fail to develop basic communication skills

Question 5

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
how does language affect educational achievement?

Answer 5

-labelling occurs if bad impressions are made by e.g. working class
-teachers can’t provide help if they can’t understand what they say
-the use of slang (colloquial lang.) can lead to informality in their answers

Question 6

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what did BERSTEIN (1961) mention about RESTRICTED CODE and how does it affect the educational achievement?

Answer 6

-simple language with ‘short-hand speech’ with non-complex sentence structures (unfinished) known as slang and leads to poor exam performance.

Question 7

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what did BERSTEIN (1961) mention about ELABORATE CODE and how does it affect the educational achievement?

Answer 7

-universal code , with wider vocab and complex sentence structures with standard grammar and leads to more support from teachers= better exam results

Question 8

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what is DOUGLAS’ theory on parent’s education and how does it affect the educational achievement?

Answer 8

-parents place less value on education e.g. less interest in their children’s education and not receive the support from their parents

Question 9

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what is FEINSTEIN’s theory on parent’s education and how does it affect the educational achievement

Answer 9

• parents own education is the most important factor affecting their children’s achievement and if they didn’t receive sufficient education their child’s performance will suffer

Question 10

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what does parenting style show and how does it affect the educational achievement?

Answer 10

-working-class parenting=inconsistent so don’t learn self-control, study without discipline
-middle-class parenting=consistent
-middle -class parents are more involved in their kid’s education

Question 11

what was BERSTEIN and YOUNG theory?

Answer 11

-Better educated parents, will have a higher money influx, thus allowing them to purchase educational toys rather than action figures or Barbie’s
-Affects achievement as their mind will be stimulated from an early age, and will be used to learning.

Question 12

how does the use of income affect the educational achievement?

Answer 12

-working class parents can’t afford to provide extra resources that middle class can
-middle class children are at a intellectual advantage

Question 13

[CULTURAL FACTOR]
what was SUGAMAN’s theory on the working class subculture?

Answer 13

through primary sociolisation:
●fatalism: a belief in fate – ‘whatever will be, will be’ that there is nothing you can do to change your status.
●collectivism: valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
●Immediate gratification: want pleasure now, not making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
●present time orientation: viewing the present as more important than the future; so don’t have long-term goals

Question 14

what is positive discrimination?

Answer 14

to treat a group more favorably due to their disadvantage compared to others more fortunate

Question 15

what is COMPENSATORY EDUCATION?

Answer 15

additional funding and funded schemes designed to stop cycle of deprivation target poor areas , In Uk done by new labor e.g. sure start / free school meals/ pupil premium

Question 16

KEDDIE- Myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 16

People cannot be deprived of a culture, but simply have a different one (victim blaming) school is bias towards the middle class culture and subordinates working class.

Question 17

TROYNA AND WILLIAMS- Myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 17

-‘SPEECH HIERARCHY’ schools attitude to working class pupils gives middle class unfair advantage isolates poor children because of the way they speak

Question 18

BLACKSTONE and MORTIMORE- Myth of cultural deprivation

Answer 18

-working class go to fewer parents’ evenings because of work hours and middle class atmosphere

Question 19

what is MATERIAL DEPRIVATION?

Answer 19

-the inability to afford basic resources, which can impact a pupil’s educational achievement

Question 20

what is HOUSING?

Answer 20

overcrowding= hard to study/ nowhere to do homework
effects health= more school absence

Question 21

what is DIET AND HEALTH?

Answer 21

-Howard mentions that young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals in turn weakening the immune system.

Question 22

what is FINANCIAL SUPPORT AND THE COSTS OF EDUCATION? (BULL)

Answer 22

-according to BULL the cost of free schooling is that children from poor families have to do without equipment and miss out on experiences that would enhance their educational achievement such as trips.

Question 23

what is FEAR OF DEBT according to CALLENDER & JACKSON?

Answer 23

-found that attitudes to debt was important in deciding whether to apply to university and the most debt-averse students
(generally working-class) were over five times less likely to apply than the most debt tolerant students (generally middle-class
-since tuition fees increases in 2012 , to a maximum of £9,000. the increased debt will deter working-class students from applying to university.

Question 24

what is TANNER ET AL (2003) theory?

Answer 24

-cost of education= heavy burden for resources & unfashionable hand me down clothes = bullying and isolation

Question 25

what is BULL’s (1980) theory?

Answer 25

-costs of free schooling

Question 26

what is CALLENDER and JACKSON theory?

Answer 26

Fear of debt 5x less likely or working class to apply to university

Question 27

what is CULTURAL CAPITAL?

Answer 27

• BOURDIEU: having the correct knowledge, attitudes, value, and language to succeed at school (mostly only applicable for middle class)

Question 28

what are the 4 types of CULTURAL CAPITAL?

Answer 28

●CULTURAL- having the knowledge to succeed
●ECONOMIC- having the money to afford everything
●SOCIAL- possession of social contacts=opportunity
●SYMBOLIC- having the status needed to get power