EDUCATION: 1.2 INTERNAL FACTORS Flashcards
what is an INTERNAL FACTOR?
●within the school that can influence a student’s achievement
what is labelling?
To attach a meaning or definition to someone
what is BECKER’S theory?
Pupil’s work, conduct and appearance were key factors in influencing teachers’ judgements. MC closest to ideal, WC furthest, seen as badly behaved.
what was Dunne & Gazeley’s theory?
Schools persistently produce WC underachievement because of labels. Teachers normalised their underachievement because of the teacher’s belief in the role of the pupil’s home background. Labelled WC parents as uninterested. Led to class differences in how teachers dealt with pupils they saw as underachieving.
what was Rist’s theory
Teachers use info about children’s home background and appearance to place in separate groups. Tigers and Cardinals/Clowns
who were the Tigers?
fast MC learners, neat appearance, teachers showed them greatest encouragement
who were the Cardinals/clowns?
seated further away, WC, lower level books to read, fewer chances to show their abilities
what was the Self-fulfilling prophecy?
prediction that comes true by virtue of it having been made. Labelling creates a SFP: teacher labels pupil and makes predictions about them, treats accordingly, pupil internalises the expectation which becomes part of their self-concept/image
what is Streaming?
separating children into different ability groups/classes (streams)
what was Gilborn and Youdell’s theory?
teachers used stereotypical notions of ‘ability’ to stream. This denies certain students the knowledge/opportunity to gain good grades. Publishing league tables produces an ‘A to C economy’ in schools
what is the A to C economy?
Where schools focus time/effort on pupils with potential to get 5 grades c or above
what is a Educational triage?
produced by a to c economy. Sorts pupils into 3 types and treating accordingly. Those who will pass, those with potential and hopeless cases
what are Pupil subcultures?
group whose attitudes/values differ from those of mainstream culture
what was Lacey’s theory?
how pupil subcultures form. Differentiation and polarisation
what is Differentiation?
process of teachers categorising pupils based on how they perceive their ability, attitude and behaviour
what is Polarisation?
process where pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two poles. Pro school subculture or anti
what is pro and anti school subculture?
Pupils placed in higher streams tend to remain committed to values of school, gain status through academic success. Those placed in lower streams suffer loss of self-esteem from placed in position of inferior status. They regain status by inverting the schools values
what was Ball’s theory?
When schools abolish streaming the basis for pupils to polarise into subculture is largely removed and their influence is removed. But differentiation continues
what was Woods’s theory?
Other pupil responses to labelling/streaming Ingratiation (teachers’ pet) ritualism (staying out of trouble) retreatism (mucking about) rebellion (rejection)
what are Labelling theory criticisms?
-reject the label given
-blame teachers instead of school system
-Marxists - labels stem from that teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions
what does Habitus mean?
Way of thinking, being, acting that is shared by a social class (e.g. attitudes/ambitions) Formed as response to position in class structure. MC has power to define theirs as superior and impose it
what was Archer’s theory?
to be educationally successful WC would have to change how they presented themselves. School has MC habitus where WC culture regarded as inferior. MC pupils gain symbolic capital (status) but school devalues WC habitus by committing symbolic violence (denying symbolic capital)
what are Nike Identities?
symbolic violence leads to pupils creating alternate class identities and gain symbolic capital from peers by consuming branded goods. These identities are strongly gendered. Not conforming was social suicide but this leads to conflict with school’s MC habitus. Plays part in rejection of higher education as they couldn’t afford styles with student loan.
what was Ingram’s theory?
‘fitting in’ problem for WC grammar schools boys. WC identity inseparable from networks of family’/friends that were key part of habitus giving sense of belonging. Tension between neighbourhood’s habitus and MC school habitus.
what is INTERACTIONISM?
-micro action theory: focuses on smaller scale everyday interactions between individuals as the basis for the development of society
what is the ‘IDEAL STUDENT’?
BECKER: middle-class children who are academic, hard-working, and resilient
what was Hempel-Jorgenson’s theory?
-within 2 primary schools, 1 of them where staff said discipline was a major problem and ‘ideal pupil’ = quiet and obedient defined by their behaviour not ability
-The other school rarely had discipline problems, and therefore,’ideal pupil’ was based on ability
what evidence does DOUGLAS show that streaming affects educational achievement?
- working class= in lower set so from age 7-11 their IQ declines
- middle class= in higher set from age 8-11 so IQ increases
why does the school’s HABITUS disadvantage the working-class pupils?
-the school runs on a middle class habitus so it alienates the working class (left out)
what is SYMBOLIC CAPITAL?
- the status you have (middle class and only give to them)
what is SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE?
- when the working class are stopped from getting symbolic capital (status)
from ARCHER’S perspective how do working class view education?
- having to ‘lose yourself’ = assimilation to be accepted
-gaining status from peers e.g from relationships & attitudes
from ARCHER’S perspective why do some working class reject higher education?
- haven’t got the right mindset to achieve their potential
from EVAN’S perspective which universities are working class pupils most likely to go to?
- their local university (haven’t got the money to travel far)
what choice to working-class have to make to achieve in their education?
- give up an opportunity or abandoning their class identity
what was Rosenthal and Jacobson’s theory?
- went to a school and pretended to give an IQ test and picked RANDOM 20% to be ‘spurters’ (the intellectuals)
-1 year later, 50% of the ‘spurters’ actually became high achievers, so teachers would support them more
impacts of Rosenthal and Jacobson’s theory?
- it was the ‘pygmalion’ effect which is the way you treat someone has a direct impact on how that person acts
(self-fulfilling prophecy)
what is abolishing streaming?
- having class of MIXED ABILITY students
