EDUCATION: 1.2 INTERNAL FACTORS

Question 1

what is an INTERNAL FACTOR?

Answer 1

●within the school that can influence a student’s achievement

Question 2

what is labelling?

Answer 2

To attach a meaning or definition to someone

Question 3

what is BECKER’S theory?

Answer 3

Pupil’s work, conduct and appearance were key factors in influencing teachers’ judgements. MC closest to ideal, WC furthest, seen as badly behaved.

Question 4

what was Dunne & Gazeley’s theory?

Answer 4

Schools persistently produce WC underachievement because of labels. Teachers normalised their underachievement because of the teacher’s belief in the role of the pupil’s home background. Labelled WC parents as uninterested. Led to class differences in how teachers dealt with pupils they saw as underachieving.

Question 5

what was Rist’s theory

Answer 5

Teachers use info about children’s home background and appearance to place in separate groups. Tigers and Cardinals/Clowns

Question 6

who were the Tigers?

Answer 6

fast MC learners, neat appearance, teachers showed them greatest encouragement

Question 7

who were the Cardinals/clowns?

Answer 7

seated further away, WC, lower level books to read, fewer chances to show their abilities

Question 8

what was the Self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 8

prediction that comes true by virtue of it having been made. Labelling creates a SFP: teacher labels pupil and makes predictions about them, treats accordingly, pupil internalises the expectation which becomes part of their self-concept/image

Question 9

what is Streaming?

Answer 9

separating children into different ability groups/classes (streams)

Question 10

what was Gilborn and Youdell’s theory?

Answer 10

teachers used stereotypical notions of ‘ability’ to stream. This denies certain students the knowledge/opportunity to gain good grades. Publishing league tables produces an ‘A to C economy’ in schools

Question 11

what is the A to C economy?

Answer 11

Where schools focus time/effort on pupils with potential to get 5 grades c or above

Question 12

what is a Educational triage?

Answer 12

produced by a to c economy. Sorts pupils into 3 types and treating accordingly. Those who will pass, those with potential and hopeless cases

Question 13

what are Pupil subcultures?

Answer 13

group whose attitudes/values differ from those of mainstream culture

Question 14

what was Lacey’s theory?

Answer 14

how pupil subcultures form. Differentiation and polarisation

Question 15

what is Differentiation?

Answer 15

process of teachers categorising pupils based on how they perceive their ability, attitude and behaviour

Question 16

what is Polarisation?

Answer 16

process where pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two poles. Pro school subculture or anti

Question 17

what is pro and anti school subculture?

Answer 17

Pupils placed in higher streams tend to remain committed to values of school, gain status through academic success. Those placed in lower streams suffer loss of self-esteem from placed in position of inferior status. They regain status by inverting the schools values

Question 18

what was Ball’s theory?

Answer 18

When schools abolish streaming the basis for pupils to polarise into subculture is largely removed and their influence is removed. But differentiation continues

Question 19

what was Woods’s theory?

Answer 19

Other pupil responses to labelling/streaming Ingratiation (teachers’ pet) ritualism (staying out of trouble) retreatism (mucking about) rebellion (rejection)

Question 20

what are Labelling theory criticisms?

Answer 20

-reject the label given
-blame teachers instead of school system
-Marxists - labels stem from that teachers work in a system that reproduces class divisions

Question 21

what does Habitus mean?

Answer 21

Way of thinking, being, acting that is shared by a social class (e.g. attitudes/ambitions) Formed as response to position in class structure. MC has power to define theirs as superior and impose it

Question 22

what was Archer’s theory?

Answer 22

to be educationally successful WC would have to change how they presented themselves. School has MC habitus where WC culture regarded as inferior. MC pupils gain symbolic capital (status) but school devalues WC habitus by committing symbolic violence (denying symbolic capital)

Question 23

what are Nike Identities?

Answer 23

symbolic violence leads to pupils creating alternate class identities and gain symbolic capital from peers by consuming branded goods. These identities are strongly gendered. Not conforming was social suicide but this leads to conflict with school’s MC habitus. Plays part in rejection of higher education as they couldn’t afford styles with student loan.

Question 24

what was Ingram’s theory?

Answer 24

‘fitting in’ problem for WC grammar schools boys. WC identity inseparable from networks of family’/friends that were key part of habitus giving sense of belonging. Tension between neighbourhood’s habitus and MC school habitus.

Question 25

what is INTERACTIONISM?

Answer 25

-micro action theory: focuses on smaller scale everyday interactions between individuals as the basis for the development of society

Question 26

what is the ‘IDEAL STUDENT’?

Answer 26

BECKER: middle-class children who are academic, hard-working, and resilient

Question 27

what was Hempel-Jorgenson’s theory?

Answer 27

-within 2 primary schools, 1 of them where staff said discipline was a major problem and ‘ideal pupil’ = quiet and obedient defined by their behaviour not ability
-The other school rarely had discipline problems, and therefore,’ideal pupil’ was based on ability

Question 28

what evidence does DOUGLAS show that streaming affects educational achievement?

Answer 28

• working class= in lower set so from age 7-11 their IQ declines
• middle class= in higher set from age 8-11 so IQ increases

Question 29

why does the school’s HABITUS disadvantage the working-class pupils?

Answer 29

-the school runs on a middle class habitus so it alienates the working class (left out)

Question 30

what is SYMBOLIC CAPITAL?

Answer 30

• the status you have (middle class and only give to them)

Question 31

what is SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE?

Answer 31

• when the working class are stopped from getting symbolic capital (status)

Question 32

from ARCHER’S perspective how do working class view education?

Answer 32

• having to ‘lose yourself’ = assimilation to be accepted
  -gaining status from peers e.g from relationships & attitudes

Question 33

from ARCHER’S perspective why do some working class reject higher education?

Answer 33

• haven’t got the right mindset to achieve their potential

Question 34

from EVAN’S perspective which universities are working class pupils most likely to go to?

Answer 34

• their local university (haven’t got the money to travel far)

Question 35

what choice to working-class have to make to achieve in their education?

Answer 35

• give up an opportunity or abandoning their class identity

Question 36

what was Rosenthal and Jacobson’s theory?

Answer 36

• went to a school and pretended to give an IQ test and picked RANDOM 20% to be ‘spurters’ (the intellectuals)
  -1 year later, 50% of the ‘spurters’ actually became high achievers, so teachers would support them more

Question 37

impacts of Rosenthal and Jacobson’s theory?

Answer 37

• it was the ‘pygmalion’ effect which is the way you treat someone has a direct impact on how that person acts
  (self-fulfilling prophecy)

Question 38

what is abolishing streaming?

Answer 38

• having class of MIXED ABILITY students