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Gross Anatomy II > Face and Scalp (pg. 18 - in note packet) > Flashcards

Face and Scalp (pg. 18 - in note packet) Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles of the face originate on ___ and insert on ____.

A

Bones of head/face; skin

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2
Q

All muscles of face are innervated by:

A

Facial N (CN VII)

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3
Q

Action of epicranius m.

A

Wrinkle and elevate skin of forehead, elevate eyebrow, move scalp

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4
Q

Action of orbicularis oculi m.

A

Blink

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5
Q

Action of orbiculares oris m.

A

Purse lips, close mouth

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6
Q

Action of risorius m.

A

Smile (elevate angle of mouth)

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7
Q

Action of zygomaticus major and minor m.

A

Major: elevates angle of mouth
Minor: elevates the upper lip

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8
Q

Action of levator labii superioris m.

A

Elevate upper lip

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9
Q

Action of levator anguli oris m.

A

Smile (elevate angle of mouth)

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10
Q

Action of depressor anguli oris m.

A

Frown (depress angle of mouth)

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11
Q

Action of depressor labii inferioris m.

A

Sad face (depress lower lip)

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12
Q

Action of buccinator m. (trumpeter muscle)

A

Drinking from straw (compress cheek against lips/gums)

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13
Q

Action of mentalis m.

A

Action of elevate and wrinkle skin of chin, protrude lower lip

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14
Q

Action of platysma m.

A

Wrinkles skin of neck, aids in depressing mandible and corners of mouth

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15
Q

Name the 5 branches of Facial n. (to zanzibar…)

A 
Temporal branch
Zygomatic branch
Buccal branch
Mandibular branch
Cervical branch

Plus, posterior auricular branch, innervates occipitals belly of epicranius m.

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16
Q

Name the 3 main facial VEIN tributaries

A

Angular vein - begins near medial angle of the eye, anastomoses with opthalmic v. and infraorbital v.
Superior labial vein - from upper lip
Inferior labial vein - from lower lip

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17
Q

Name the three branches of CN V

A

Trigeminal N.
V1 - opthalmic n.
V2 - maxillary n.
V3 - mandibular n.

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18
Q

Name the 14 bones of the facial skeleton

A 
Maxilla (paired)
Zygomatic (paired)
Mandible
Lacrimal (paired)
Nasal (paired)
Palatine (paired)
Vomer
Inferior concha (paired)
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19
Q

Name the 6 bones of middle ear (ear ossicles)

A

Malleus (paired)
Incus (paired)
Stapes (paired)

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20
Q

The joints of the skull are rigid, immoveable joints called ____

A

Synarthrosis type

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21
Q

Name 8 bones of cranial cavity/vault

A 
Frontal
Parietal (paired)
Temporal (paired)
Occipital
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
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22
Q

Name the 3 layers of the meninges of the cranial vault:

A

Dura mater**
Arachnoid mater*
Pia mater*

  • Arachnoid and pia are sometimes referred to jointly as leptomeninges
  • *Dura is sometimes called the pachymeninges
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23
Q

Name the space that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Subarachnoid space

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24
Q

Name the 2 spaces that are potential spaces that appear in clinical conditions:

A

Epidural and Subdural spaces

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25
Q

Name the feature that forms a partial covering of the hypophyseal fossa and pituitary gland

A

Diaphragma sellae

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26
Q

Name the 3 veins of the cranium

A

Cerebral, Diploic, Emissary

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27
Q

What do Meningeal nerves do?

A

Provide sensory innervation for pain associated with dura and dural vessels

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28
Q

Dura of the anterior and middle cranial fossae are innervated by:

A

Meningeal branches of Trigeminal n.

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29
Q

Dura of the posterior cranial fossa is innervated by branches of:

A

Vagus n.

C1, C2, C3 spinal nerves

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30
Q

Spinal cord ends at what vertebral level:

A

L1 or L2

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31
Q

What is the significant space between the dural sac and borders of vertebral canal?

A

Epidural space

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32
Q

Name the 2 extensions (ligaments) that anchor the spinal cord along its length:

A

Denticulate ligaments

Filum terminale

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33
Q

Veins within the subarachnoid space:

A

Cerebral v

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34
Q

Veins within the medullary cavity of cranial bones:

A

Diploic v

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35
Q

Veins that directly connect scalp to dural venous sinuses:

A

Emissary v

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36
Q

Dural sleeves along spinal nerves are attached to borders of the _____ and continuous with ______ of nerves

A

IVFs; Epinenurium

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37
Q

The dural sac tapers and ends at:

A

S2 vertebral segment

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38
Q

Name the thing ligamentous extension of the dura that attaches the inferior dural sac to the coccyx

A

Dural coccygeal ligament

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39
Q

Name the sheet-link ligaments that extend from lateral surface of spinal cord to dural sac

A

Denticulate ligaments

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40
Q

Name the slender filament (ligament) of pia that extends from inferior aspect of spinal cord through subarachnoid space:

A

Filum terminale:

  • internum extends from conus medullar is to inferior aspect of dural sac at S2 vertebral level
  • externum extends from dural sac to coccyx (dural coccygeal ligament)
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41
Q

Name the portion of subarachnoid space inferior to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord:

A

Lumbar cistern

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42
Q

The lumbar cistern extends from ___ to ___ vertebral level

A

L2; S2

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43
Q

Name the structure that contains nerve rootlets of cauda equina:

A

Lumbar cistern

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44
Q

Flow of CSF is caused by:

A

continued CSF secretion, pulsing of arteries in subarachnoid space, movements of the vertebral column

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45
Q

Most CSF resorption occurs at:

A

Arachnoid villi

46
Q

CSF diffuses directly into ___ and mixes with _____

A

dural venous sinuses; blood

47
Q

Most of the arachnoid villi are found in the:

A

superior sagittal sinus

48
Q

Arachnoid granulations are ___ arachnoid villi.

A

hypertrophied

49
Q

What are fovea granulares?

A

Pit-like depressions on internal surface of skull

50
Q

Ventral compartment tissue is innervated by:

A
  • branches of gray rami communicates of the sympathetic chain
  • branches of ventral primary rami of spinal nerves
  • recurrent meningeal nerve (sinuvertebral n)
51
Q

Recurrent meningeal nerve innervates:

A
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior outer anulus fibrosus of IVDs
  • Vertebral bodies (including posterior periosteum)
  • Dural sleeves and anterior dural sac
52
Q

Dorsal compartment tissue is innervated by:

A

medial and lateral branches of dorsal primary rami (innervate skin and muscles of back)

53
Q

Medial branch of dorsal primary rami innervates:

A
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Zygapophyseal joints
54
Q

Zygapophyseal joints innervated by _____ primary rami of spinal nerve exiting through ___ and spinal nerve ___ spinal level(s) above

A

Dorsal; IVF; 1

55
Q

Dorsal rami from which 2 spinal nerve levels contribute to L2-L3 A-joint?

A

DPRs of L2 and L1

56
Q

Dorsal rami that contribute innervation to C2-C3 Z-joint are what nerve levels?

A

DPRs of C3 and C2 spinal nerves

57
Q

Name the 2 groups of neurons

A

visceral afferents
- sensory neurons
visceral efferents
- motor (visceromotor) neurons

58
Q

What do visceral afferents do?

A
  • carry information to the CNS from viscera.

- carry information representing many sensations including: chemoreception, baroreception, stretch/distention and pain

59
Q

What do visceral efferents do?

A
  • carry information to the viscera, specifically visceral effector cells, including: cardiac & smooth muscle, and gland cells
60
Q

Visceral efferents form the:

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

61
Q

The ANS is what kind of system?

A

visceral efferent/motor system

62
Q

The ANS (visceral efferent/motor system) is split up into 2 divisions. Name the divisions:

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

63
Q

Somatic efferents go to ______ muscle, while visceral/ANS efferents go to _______

A

skeletal; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

64
Q

Somatic efferents is 1 neuron between the __ and __; visceral/ANS efferents is:

A

CNS and effector cell; 2 neurons between CNS and effector cell (preganglionic and postganglionic neurons)

65
Q

Somatic efferents includes a neuron cell body always located in the ____ or ____ while the visceral efferents is:

A

brain or spinal cord; 1 preganglionic neuron cell body in the CNS and a postganglionic cell body in a ganglion outside the CNS

66
Q

Where are visceral efferents pre- and postganglionic neuron cell bodies located?

A

pre- neurons are in the CNS, post- are in a ganglion outside the CNS

67
Q

Where does the sympathetic division exit the spinal column?

A

exits the CNS via T1-L2 spinal nerves

sometimes called the thoracolumbar division of the ANS

68
Q

Where does the parasympathetic division exit the spinal column?

A

exits CNS via CN 3, 6, 9, 10 and S2-4 spinal nerves

sometimes called craniosacral division

69
Q

What cell bodies are in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies

70
Q

The lateral horn is present in spinal cord segments:

A

T1-L2

71
Q

______________ axons are thinly myelinated and exit the spinal cord through ventral rootlets/roots of spinal nerves T1-L2. They enter sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes.

A

Preganglionic sympathetic

72
Q

______________ are usually only associated with T1-L2 spinal nerves

A

White rami communicantes

73
Q

_____ axons terminate on _______ sympathetic neurons

A

preganglionic; postganglionic

74
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in 1 of 2 types of sympathetic ganglia. Name the two types:

A
  1. paravertebral ganglia - make up sympathetic chain

2. prevertebral ganglia - located near the organ to be innervated

75
Q

what are paravertebral ganglia?

A
  • series of ganglia connected by interganglionic nerves
  • paravertebral (chain) ganglia and interganglionic nerves form the sympathetic chain/trunk
  • paired left and right
  • extend long the lateral aspect of the vertebral column from base of skull to coccyx
76
Q

How many chain ganglia in the cervical ganglia?

A

3 per chain:

  • superior cervical ganglion: adjacent to C1-C2 vertebrae
  • middle cervical ganglion: adjacent to TP of C5, C6. Smallest cervical ganglion.
  • inferior cervical ganglion: adjacent to C7 vertebra, sometimes fused with 1st thoracic ganglion (stellate)
77
Q

What is the stellate ganglion?

A

When the inferior cervical ganglion fuses with the first thoracic ganglion

78
Q

How many thoracic chain ganglia?

A

12

79
Q

How many lumbar chain ganglia?

A

4

80
Q

How many sacral chain ganglia?

A

4-5

81
Q

What ganglion is unpaired?

A

the ganglion impar, anterior to the coccyx

82
Q

what does the ganglion impar do?

A

connects left and right sympathetic trunks/chains

83
Q

What are inside chain ganglia?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies

84
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic axons of the postganglionic sympathetic neuron cell bodies are unmyelinated and leave the sympathetic trunk in 1 of 3 ways:

A
  • join spinal nerves via gray rami communicantes
  • join nerve plexuses in walls of arteries and pass to effector cells
  • pass to individual organs via visceral nerves
85
Q

Gray rami communicantes are associated with what spinal nerves?

A

all spinal nerves

86
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the sympathetic chain through ______________ of T1-T5 spinal nerves and then ascend the chain to terminate on ____________ of the cervical chain ganglia

A

white rami communicantes; postganglionic neurons

87
Q

What cervical ganglion branches to thyroid gland?

A

middle cervical ganglion postganglionic neurons

88
Q

What forms cardiac nerves to thoracic structures?

A

all cervical ganglion postganglionic neurons

89
Q

What branches to blood vessels of neck and arm?

A

Inferior cervical ganglion postganglionic neurons

90
Q

What cervical chain ganglia enters the external and internal carotid plexuses to pass to head and neck structures?

A

superior cervical ganglion postganglionic neurons

91
Q

Where is the celiac ganglion located?

A

Near or along celiac trunk

92
Q

What kind of cell bodies does the celiac ganglion have inside of it?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate foregut and midgut (like mesenteric and aorticorenal ganglia) structures

93
Q

Where is the superior mesenteric and aorticorenal ganglia?

A

near the superior mesenteric artery and renal arteries

94
Q

What kind of cell bodies does the superior mesenteric and aorticorenal ganglia have within it?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate midgut structures (like celiac ganglia)

95
Q

Where is the inferior mesenteric ganglion located?

A

on or near inferior mesenteric artery

96
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric ganglion have within it?

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons innervating handgun structures

97
Q

Which prevertebral ganglia innervates

  1. foregut?
  2. midgut?
  3. hindgut?
A
  1. celiac ganglion innervates foregut
  2. celiac ganglion and superior mesenteric and aorticorenal ganglia innervate midcut
  3. inferior mesenteric ganglion innervates hindgut
98
Q

What are the functions of sympathetic division of the ANS?

A

“fight or flight”
- innervation of cutaneous structures including sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, vasoconstriction of arteries of the skin
- vasodilate arteries in skeletal muscles
- dilate pupils
increase heart rate, blood pressure

99
Q

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is a two neuron pathway:

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

100
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons have their cell bodies in the

A

CNS

101
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons cell bodies in the brain exit via:

A

CN 3, 6, 9, 10

102
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons cell bodies in the spinal cord exit via:

Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons cell bodies are located in various parasympathetic ganglia (name the pairs)

A 
S2-S4 spinal nerves; 
ciliary ganglia
otic ganglia
pterygopalatine ganglia
submandibular ganglia
(3977-COPS)
103
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic axons are myelinated/unmyelinated?

Postganglionic parasympathetic axons are myelinated/unmyelinated?

A

myelinated; unmyelinated

104
Q

Name the 4 pairs of parasympathetic ganglia, their innervation and their effector target

A

3977-COPS

Ciliary ganglia, CNIII - oculomotor, pupil

Otic ganglia, CNIX /9 glossopharyngeal, parotid gland

Pterygopalatine (spenopalatine) ganglia - CNVII /7 facial, lacrimal gland and palatine glands

Submandibular ganglia, CNVII /7 facial, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, lingual and labial glands

105
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies are also found in intramural (or terminal) ganglia/plexuses like:

A
  • myenteric plexus (muscular external of GI tract between layers of smooth muscle)
  • submucosal plexus (submucosal layer of GI tract)
  • cardiac
  • pulmonary
  • inferior hypogastric
106
Q

Preganglionic fibers to the intramural/terminal ganglia are from:

A

CN X or S2-S4 spinal nerves

107
Q

Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system:

A

“rest and digest”

  • decrease heart rate
  • decrease arterial blood pressure
  • increase secretions from digestive glands (salivary and gastrointestinal)
  • increase peristalsis of the gut
  • cause constriction of pupils
108
Q

What is the sensory division of the visceral nervous system that is NOT a part of the ANS?

A

visceral afferents

109
Q

What is the functional types of visceral afferents?

A
  • physiological afferents: chemoreception, baroreception, stretch/distension
  • pain afferents: parallels sympathetic nervous system, fibers enter spinal cord through spinal nerves T1-T2
110
Q

Visceral afferent fibers are [myelinated/ unmyelinated/ both]?

A

Both

111
Q

Where are cell bodies of visceral afferents located?

A

in sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves:

  • ganglia of glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
  • dorsal root ganglia of T1-L2 and S2-S4
112
Q

What is the single neuron pathway that provides sensory information from organs to CNS?

A

Visceral afferents

Gross Anatomy II (22 decks)

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