Extra - Confidence & Efficacy

Question 1

What is confidence vs efficacy?

Answer 1

• The belief that one can successfully perform a desired behaviour
• Confidence can be very global or very specific

Question 2

What kind of measure is confidence & efficacy?

Answer 2

• confidence is a trait measure
• efficacy is a state measure

Question 3

What are the benefits of confidence & efficacy?

Answer 3

• Relaxes athlete
• Helps athlete concentrate
• Leads to taking on tougher challenges; If we are more confident we will tend to push ourselves more
• Leads to more effort/persistence; If confident we will tend to put in more effort & keep trying
• Affects game strategies (play to win vs. NOT to lose); If confident you will play to win
• Leads to Momentum

Question 4

What are the consequences of confidence & efficacy ?

Answer 4

• Lack of confidence leads to Negative expectations which leads to Failure, which leads to Greater self doubts (lack of confidence), which leads to Greater negative expectations, which leads to More failure

Question 5

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 5

• Strength of an individual’s belief that she/he has the resources or capabilities to achieve a given outcome

Question 6

What 3 dimensions can we assess self-efficacy expectations?

Answer 6

• Magnitude
• strength
• generality

Question 7

What is the magnitude dimension of self-efficacy?

Answer 7

• The number of levels of increasing difficulty that a person believes he/she is capable of performing

Question 8

What is the strength dimension of self-efficacy?

Answer 8

• The firmness of one’s convictions (belief) that he/she can perform the behaviour in question

Question 9

What is the generality dimension of self-efficacy?

Answer 9

• Generalizability of self-efficacy expectancies across similar contexts

Question 10

What are the 5 sources of self-efficacy expectations?

Answer 10

• master experience
• vicarious experiences
• verbal persuasion
• physiological states
• emotional states

Question 11

What is master experiences ?

Answer 11

• Previous successes, failures… the most powerful sources of self-efficacy information

Question 12

What is vicarious experiences ?

Answer 12

• Observation of others; using this information to make assessments about personal ability
• Modelling; one of the most powerful means of transmitting values, attitudes, patterns of thoughts & behaviours
• Imagery experience; a special form of vicarious learning… perceptions of the self in the situation

Question 13

What is verbal persuasion ?

Answer 13

• Encouragement of others … modest impact … depends on the expertise, trustworthiness, & attractiveness of source

Question 14

What is physiological states ?

Answer 14

• aversive states; tending to avoid or causing avoidance
• pleasant states; feelings that tend to give pleasure

Question 15

What is emotional states?

Answer 15

• positive vs negative affects

Question 16

What can self-efficacy influence ?

Answer 16

• Cognitive decisions ; Goals established & Attributes made
• Behaviour decisions; Choice of …, Effort in …, Persistence in
• People with high self-efficacy tend to be more persistent

Question 17

World class athletes compared to confidence & efficacy

Answer 17

• Generally male athletes are more confident; Get their confidence from competition outcomes
• Females get their confidence from their individuals performance
• From coaches male feeling confident from a training program they received
• Females gain confidence from encouragement, positive feedback, reinforcements from coaches