Chapter 12 - Aging & Involvement

Question 1

By 2030, will the people over the age of 65 double or lessen?

Answer 1

• double

Question 2

How much does the average life expectancy increase per year?

Answer 2

• every 3 months/year
• Canada has one of the longest life expectancies in the world

Question 3

What does physical inactivity decrease?

Answer 3

• decreases quality of life

Question 4

What is quality of life?

Answer 4

• an overall sense of well-being with a strong relation to a person’s health perceptions & ability to function

Question 5

What is morbidity?

Answer 5

• the quality or state of being morbid or unhealthful
• many Canadians run the risk of spending a large portion of their senior years in morbidity

Question 6

What component is used to try to keep seniors more active?

Answer 6

• physical literacy

Question 7

What are 3 barriers to exercise for older adults?

Answer 7

• Physical & psychological barriers
• Existing health problem or pain
• No time (common excuse)

Question 8

What are the top 3 exercises for older adults?

Answer 8

• walking
• gardening
• home exercise

Question 9

What is compensation theory?

Answer 9

• aging based on the notion that age-related losses in one area can be offset by improvements in another area

Question 10

What is the selective maintenance model?

Answer 10

• aging emphasizes the role of high-quality training & practice in acquiring & maintaining the domain specific characteristics required for high levels of skill

Question 11

What is successful aging?

Answer 11

• concept intended to describe optimal conditions later in life
• i.e., avoiding disease/disability, high cognitive & physical functioning, engagement with life

Question 12

What is dose-response relationship?

Answer 12

• greater involvement in physical activity promoted a greater likelihood of aging successfully

Question 13

What are the 3 models of successful aging?

Answer 13

• biomedical model
• psychosocial model
• biographical model

Question 14

What is the biomedical model?

Answer 14

• the medicalization of old age by viewing old age as primarily a physiological process

Question 15

What is the psychosocial model?

Answer 15

• measure criteria & mental states
• an older adult who is aging successfully is one who adapts to his/her unique circumstances to achieve goals

Question 16

What is the biographical model?

Answer 16

• older adults should individually define aging success based on what is meaningful in their lives

Question 17

What is disidentification ?

Answer 17

• reconceptualizing your self-image to remove value associated with domain, thereby reducing the impact of negative performance in that domain

Question 18

What is socioeconomic status?

Answer 18

• the relative position of a family on a societal hierarchy based on access to or control over wealth, prestige, & power

Question 19

What are demographic & biological factors of physical activity in older adults ?

Answer 19

• age & gender
• males are more active than females
• socioeconomic status

Question 20

What are behavioural attributes of physical activity in older adults ?

Answer 20

• patterns of lifespan behaviour; if active at a younger age, the more likely to be active once older
• alcohol consumption
• childhood physical activity

Question 21

What are social & cultural factors of physical activity in older adults?

Answer 21

• behaviour expectations rooted in cultural beliefs
• women & cultural beliefs

Question 22

What are Psychological, Cognitive, & Emotional Factors of physical activity in older adults?

Answer 22

• enjoyment; best predictor
• perceived health & fitness; believe they can’t participate because of functional limitations, but this may actually be perceived

Question 23

What is self-efficacy in older adults?

Answer 23

• a central factor in individuals’ enthusiasm for different activities
• The higher the self-efficacy, the more likely to initiate & continue participation
• Self-efficacy feelings & participation have reciprocal relationship

Question 24

What causes cognitive & physical decline with aging?

Answer 24

• result of long standing sedentary lifestyle or disease
• can also cause scaropenia

Question 25

What is scaropenia?

Answer 25

• age-related deficiency in the amount of skeletal muscle tissue
• can maintain it, if not… it will be lost

Question 26

What is the compensation model of skill maintenance?

Answer 26

• Although components of performance may decline, increase in a compensatory skill allow for stability of performance over time

Question 27

What is maintenance of athletic performance ?

Answer 27

• Cognitive and motor skills more resistant than physiological factors
• Training profiles of Masters Athletes report differences in training volume and content

Question 28

What are master athletes ?

Answer 28

• athletes who are typically aged 30 + competing at the masters level of sport competition
• Defies stereotypical views of aging
• Maintain high levels of physical & cognitive competency
• Individuals at highest level of performance but may not accurately reflect age-related decline of average individuals

Question 29

When & where was the first worlds masters games?

Answer 29

• Toronto, 1985