Chapter 4 - Stress, Emotion, & Coping In Sport & Exercise

Question 1

What are the 8 negative emotions ?

Answer 1

• anger, anxiety, fright, guilt, shame, sadness, envy, jealousy

Question 2

What is emotion ?

Answer 2

• nature of the relationship between person & environment

Question 3

What is stress?

Answer 3

• Substantial imbalance between the physical & psychological demands & response capability
• failure to meet the demand has important consequences; i.e., when it matters

Question 4

How many stages of stress are there ?

Answer 4

• 4

Question 5

What is stage 1 of stress?

Answer 5

• environmental demand (physical & psychological)
• it is situation-based
• includes Sport type, Location, Importance of competition, Role

Question 6

What is stage 2 of stress?

Answer 6

• it is person-based that is the perception of environmental demand; Perceived = threat
• Personality & trait anxiety
• Goals & expectancies; outcome goals
• Uncertainty & surrounding outcome; >Uncertainty = > state anxiety & stress
• Beliefs & attitudes about success
• Experience & skill level

Question 7

What is stage 3 of stress?

Answer 7

• your stress response
• Arousal, state anxiety, muscle tension, attention changes

Question 8

What is stage 4 of stress?

Answer 8

• behavioural consequences (performance or outcome)

Question 9

What is primary appraisal ?

Answer 9

• an evaluation of what is at stake for a person in a situation
• Making a decision about the value of that situation; what is at risk

Question 10

What is secondary appraisal ?

Answer 10

• an evaluation of what can be done in the situation
• depends on an individuals available resources

Question 11

What is harm/loss appraisal ?

Answer 11

• an evaluation of a situation in which psychological damage has already been done & the loss is irrevocable
• i.e., can’t play university sports because your eligibility is up

Question 12

What is threat appraisal ?

Answer 12

• an evaluation or perception of a situation where an individuals anticipates harm might occur or will occur
• i.e., weightlifter attempts a heavy weight and is worried an injury might occur or they fail

Question 13

What is challenge appraisal ?

Answer 13

• an evaluation or perception of a situation that although there is obstacles, they can be overcome
• i.e., your body is sore for your game, but you push yourself to play through

Question 14

What are the 6 types of stressors?

Answer 14

• chronic & acute
• expected & unexpected
• competitive & non-competitive

Question 15

Chronic vs acute stressors? What are they?

Answer 15

• chronic stress is stress that occurs over a long period of time such as harassment, personal issues, or pain
• acute stress is sudden stress that occurs within a short period of time such as a physical or mental error in sport, being criticized, or a bad call by a ref

Question 16

Expected vs unexpected stressors? What are they?

Answer 16

• expected stress is something you can plan/prepare for
• unexpected stress is something you cannot plan/prepare for

Question 17

Competitive vs non-competitive stressors? What are they?

Answer 17

• competitive stress is something that is experienced prior to, during, or after competition such as mistakes in game, injury, or expectations
• non-competitive stress is related to sport but part of the actual competition such as dealing with media, travel issues, or rehabilitation

Question 18

What is reduce adherence ?

Answer 18

• High activation, low activation = Unpleasant affect
• happens because an individual is Tense, nervousness stressed, tired, bored, exhausted

Question 19

What is ideal adherence during physical activity ?

Answer 19

• High activation, low activation = pleasant affect
• occurs because an individual is Energetic, enthusiastic, clam, relaxed, serence

Question 20

What is coping?

Answer 20

• cognitive & behavioural efforts to manage specific external or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of a person

Question 21

What are coping strategies ?

Answer 21

• Problem-focused
• Emotion-focused
• Avoidance coping

Question 22

What is problem-focused coping?

Answer 22

• efforts that help the individual change the situation
• I.e., changing lifestyle choices (diet)

Question 23

What is emotion-focused coping?

Answer 23

• efforts to change the way a situation is attended or interpreted
• i.e., convince yourself that no one cares about the exercise you are doing & how you are doing it

Question 24

What is avoidance coping?

Answer 24

• efforts in which athletes attempt to remove themselves from the situation
• i.e., don’t feel confident running on a treadmill, so use bike instead

Question 25

What are the 7 positive emotions ?

Answer 25

• happiness, pride, relief, hope, love, gratitude, compassion