Chapter 14 - Body Image & Self-Presentation

Question 1

What is normative discontent?

Answer 1

• prevalence of body-related concerns or dissatisfaction

Question 2

What is body schema?

Answer 2

• a representation of the position & configuration of the body

Question 3

What is body image boundaries ?

Answer 3

• an individuals perception of the meaning attributed to specific body parts, overall body awareness, & distortions in body perception

Question 4

What is body cathexis?

Answer 4

• peoples subjective evaluation of their body that reflects their degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with it

Question 5

What is body esteem?

Answer 5

• peoples self-evaluation of their body or appearance

Question 6

What is affective dimension of body image?

Answer 6

• body-related feelings & emotions that an individual experiences in relation to his/her body

Question 7

What is social physique anxiety?

Answer 7

• anxiety a person experiences as a result of perceived or actual judgement from others

Question 8

What is body-relates shame?

Answer 8

• a negative emotion that is focused on the global physical self

Question 9

What is body-related guilt?

Answer 9

• a negative emotion attributed to a failure of complementing an action or behaviour

Question 10

What is body-related pride?

Answer 10

• a positive emotion from an individual feeling satisfied with his/her body-related behaviour or physical attributes

Question 11

What is authentic pride?

Answer 11

• a type of pride focused on grandiose attributes of the self

Question 12

What is perceptual dimension of body image?

Answer 12

• the mental representation or reflections that an individual has of his/her body appearance & function

Question 13

What is cognitive dimension of body image?

Answer 13

• reflecting an individuals thoughts, beliefs, & evaluations of his/her body appearance & function

Question 14

What is behavioural dimension of body image?

Answer 14

• the choices & actions people take based on the perceptions, feelings, thoughts, & cognitions they have about their body size, weight, shape, & function

Question 15

What is body image investment?

Answer 15

• an individuals beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, & influence of appearance in his/her life

Question 16

What is self-presentation?

Answer 16

• Process by which individuals attempt to monitor & control the impressions others form of them
• Desired image not always positive
• Image generally truthful

Question 17

Why do we self-present?

Answer 17

• Interpersonal influence
• Construct & maintain self
• Emotion regulation
• Societal benefits

Question 18

What is impression motivation?

Answer 18

• how motivated people are to control how they are perceived by others
• a cognitive behaviour

Question 19

What is impression construction?

Answer 19

• creating an image that one wishes to convey to others along with the particular strategies individuals use to create this impression
• a behavioural behaviour

Question 20

What can self-presentation influence?

Answer 20

• Motivation to participate
• Choice of activity & setting
• Effort & exertion
• Affective responses to exercise participation

Question 21

What is body Dysmorphia ?

Answer 21

• over-exaggerated & inaccurate perceptions of flaws related to body parts & characteristics

Question 22

What is body Dysmorphia disorder?

Answer 22

• a recognized disorder reflecting an exaggerated preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance

Question 23

What is muscle Dysmorphia?

Answer 23

• the belief that one is too small, too skinny, & insufficiently muscular, even though this isn’t the case
• condition with body Dysmorphia

Question 24

How does steroids effect body builders ?

Answer 24

• 108 body builders were examined
• 55 used steroids, 53 did not
• steroid users recorded 8.3% had muscle Dysmorphia, non users recorded no muscle Dysmorphia

Question 25

What is an eating disorder?

Answer 25

• abnormal eating habits that’s result in excessive food consumption

Question 26

What is anorexia nervosa ?

Answer 26

• food restriction that leads to unhealthy body weight, a heightened fear of weight gain, & distorted perceptions of current body weight & shape

Question 27

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 27

• recurrent binge eating & purging through self-induced vomiting, laxative use, or excessive exercise

Question 28

What is the tripartite influence model of body image?

Answer 28

• suggests media, parents, & peers are key socializing agents in the development of body image

Question 29

What is body related envy?

Answer 29

• a negative emotion that occurs when people feel they lack an other persons superior quality & either desire to have it or wish others lacked it

Question 30

What is self-presentation efficacy?

Answer 30

• the perceived probability of successfully conveying ones desired impressions to others
• driven by self-efficacy beliefs

Question 31

What is self-presentational efficacy expectancy ?

Answer 31

• the belief that one is capable of conveying a desired impression or performing the desired behaviour

Question 32

What is self-presentational outcome expectancy?

Answer 32

• the belief that the conveyed impression & behaviours will lead to the desired outcome

Question 33

What is self-presentational outcome value?

Answer 33

• the importance placed on the outcome involving self-presentation

Question 34

What is downward social comparison?

Answer 34

• comparing oneself to individuals who are worse off on attributes of value

Question 35

What is upward social comparison ?

Answer 35

• comparing oneself to others who are better off on attributes that are valued

Question 36

What is ideal self?

Answer 36

• a self-reflection characterized by ones hopes & aspirations of what the person wants to be

Question 37

What is ought self?

Answer 37

• a self-reflection characterized by ones hopes & aspirations of what a person thinks he/she should be

Question 38

What is actual: ideal discrepancy?

Answer 38

• occurs when people perceive that their current state is discrepant from their ideal state

Question 39

What is actual: ought discrepancy?

Answer 39

• occurs when individuals perceive their current state is discrepant from the state they feel they should be in

Question 40

What behaviour do people have towards exercise with social physique anxiety?

Answer 40

• high SPA individuals tend to engage in more fitness type activities vs sport activities

Question 41

Who score higher with social physique anxiety?

Answer 41

• women
• however, this tends to decrease with age

Question 42

What is exercise addiction?

Answer 42

• A psychological and/or physiological dependence on a regular regime of exercise
• Characterized by withdrawal symptoms after 24-36 hours without exercise
• Other symptoms — anxiety, guilt, nervousness, irritability

Question 43

What are positive/negative factors of exercise addiction ?

Answer 43

• Positive Addiction: Running (meditation, etc.) promote psychological health & life satisfaction = to be encouraged
• Negative Addiction: Obligatory, excessive, compulsive, dependence, withdrawal symptoms