Chapter 7.2 - Imagery Flashcards
What is imagery?
- an experience that mimics a real experience
- We can be aware of “seeing” an image of smell, tastes, or sounds without actually experiencing the real thing
What are the 4 W’s of Imagery?
- where
- when
- why
- what
What are the 3 theories of imagery?
- psychoneuromuscular theory
- symbolic learning theory
- bioinformational theory
What is the psychoneuromuscular theory?
- the observation of a particular movement the same muscles are activated as during the actual execution of that movement
- i.e., patterns of the muscle activity of skiers who imagine they are performing a downhill run
What is the symbolic learning theory?
- how images play an important part on receiving and processing information
- visual cues develop and enhance the learner’s way on interpreting information by knowing how and what must be done to finish a certain task
- i.e., children may use a wooden block as a phone during play
What is the bioinformational theory?
- mental images can be understood as products of the brain’s information processing capacity
- i.e., the muscle tensions when making a shot and the exhilarating feeling when the ball goes through the net
Where do athletes use imagery?
- Practice, competition, rehabilitation, & outside of sport; Most frequently used in competition
- assist them in setting goals, as well as to stay motivated during competition
When do athletes use imagery?
- Before, during, & after practice or outside of practice (at home)
- Most often just before competition
- i.e., imagine what you’re going to do, or the situation
Why do athletes use imagery?
- a tool for developing their sport skills
- help stay motivated & maintain a vision of what they would like to achieve in their sport
What 2 functions can imagery be broken down into?
- motivational
- cognitive
What is cognitive specific imagery?
- Imagery of specific sport skills & practice on a pursuit rotor task
- i.e., imagining a free throw in basketball
What is cognitive general imagery?
- Images of strategies, game plans, or routines
- i.e., imagining a floor routine in gymnastics
What is motivational general imagery?
- Images relating to physiological arousal levels and emotions
- i.e., imaging feeling calm and relaxed in front of a crowd
What is motivational specific imagery?
- Images of achieving specific goals
- influence self-standards against which we evaluate our performances
- i.e., imaging receiving a gold medal
What is motivational general-arousal?
- Imagery associated with arousal or competitive anxiety
- Athletes’ heart rate significantly increase when using MG-A imagery
- MG-A imagery use accounted for significant variance in athletes’ anxiety
What is motivational general-mastery?
- Imagery associated with the notion of being mentally tough, in control, and self-confident
What is an example of cognitive general imagery by Munroe (2005)?
- Purpose: CG imagery intervention to increase the use of imagery and improve the strategic play of a young female soccer team (N = 13)
- Tasks (3 different strategies of play): Defending a direct free kick, Taking a direct free kick, Defending a corner kick
- 7-Week CG imagery intervention; 2 weeks per strategy
- results: one strategy improved, but not significantly
What is an example of motivational specific imagery by Martin & Hall (1995)?
- 6 session imagery intervention with novice golfers learning a putting task
- Imagery group:
- more time practicing
- Set higher goals for themselves
- more adherent to training schedules
What is an example of motivational general-mastery imagery by Hammond (2012)?
- Measures Sport confidence, Imagery ability, Stroke averags
- 6 sessions MG-M imagery intervention
- Results: Increase in sport confidence for one golfer, Improvement in stroke average for two golfers & Increased imagery ability for all
What is the revised applied model of deliberate imagery use in sport by Cumming & Williams (2013)?
- sport situation and the individual = the imagery function (CS, CG, MS, MG-A, MG-M)
- imagery function = imagery type (internal, external, speed, kinesthetic, visual)
- imagery type = the outcome
What is internal image perspective?
- see self perform through own eyes
What is external image perspective ?
- third person view of self-performing
What are the 4 types of imagery?
- visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic
- Novice athletes mainly use visual imagery
- Elite athletes use kinesthetic
- Soccer player use auditory
What is visual imagery?
- ability to reactivate and manipulate visual representations in the absence of the corresponding visual stimuli
- giving rise to the experience of ‘seeing with the mind’s eye’
- i.e., She had hair as golden as the sunrise
What is auditory imagery?
- mental images or representations that are created in a person’s mind when they hear sounds or words
- i.e., As she walked through the wintery woods, her teeth chattered and the leaves crunched under her feet
What is olfactory imagery?
- descriptions of smells and odours
- i.e., The sweet fragrance of honeysuckle always reminded Jenny of her mother’s perfume
What is kinesthetic imagery?
- describes the actions and movements of people or objects
- i.e., running fingers on soft, silk fabric
What is image speed?
- image in real time
What is the effectiveness of imagery?
- highly cognitive tasks
- greatest efforts = early stages
- previous experience not necessary
