*EXAM1- CV Assessments Flashcards
VO2 max
rate of oxygen uptake during maximal aerobic exercise
VO2 max is the criterion measure for ____
CR fitness
Fick equation
VO2 = Q x a-VO2 difference
Q in Fick equation
cardiac output
-Q = HR x SV
what is the central component of VO2 max
cardiac output
what does better cardiac output mean
we can better pump blood to periphery
main thing that changes SV with training
plasma volume
-quick adaptation, within weeks
a-VO2 difference
difference in oxygen levels of the arteries + veins
-capillaries are found between arteries/veins + are where oxygen extractions occurs
what is the peripheral component of VO2 max
a-VO2 difference
a better a-VO2 difference means
we can better extract oxygen from environment
what are some things that can increase a-VO2 difference
-# mitochondria
-# capillaries
-# aerobic enzymes
-capillary usage
-myoglobin
-etc.
adaptations that increase cardiac output (which increases VO2 max)
increased:
-SNS activity
-norepinephrine
-Ca2+
-contractility
-plasma volume
-LV hypertrophy
-EDV (preload)
-SV
-muscle pump (contracting muscle)
-repsiratory pump (deeper breathing)
-venoconstriction (SNS)
decreased:
-constriction to active areas
-afterload
adaptations that increase a-VO2 difference (which increases VO2 max)
increased:
-SNS activity
-arterioles to inactive areas
-muscle blood flow
-autoregulation (vasodilation)
-capillary #
-capillary recruitment
-mitochondria
-oxidative enzymes
-myoglobin
how to convert from relative to absolute VO2
multiply x BW/1000
units for absolute VO2
L/min
-or mL/min
absolute VO2
-directly related to body size
-used to express energy expenditure in non-weight-bearing exercises
what is absolute VO2 good for
bioenergetics
-we find out how many calories a person is burning, indirect calorimetry
smaller/larger person will have a higher absolute VO2
larger
units for relative VO2
mL/kg/min
relative VO2 can be influenced by what
-changes in CV system
-changes in BW
relative VO2
-compared across individuals
-used to express energy expenditure in weight-bearing exercises
smaller/larger person would have a higher relative VO2
smaller
when evaluating CR fitness, we use relative/absolute VO2
relative
the older an individual gets…lower/higher VO2
lower
what must we do before we start testing
estimate maximal HR
HR max equation
220 - age
what is the only thing that chronically affects maximal HR
age
exam question- if someone has bad balanace, which mode should they use
cycle ergometry
when would we use arm ergometry
lower limb disability patients
a-VO2 difference graph
plateau around 40-60% max effort
SV graph
plateau around 40-60% max effort
MAP graph
linear increase entire time
DBP graph
stays the same
SBP graph
linear increase
when would a submaximal test be terminated
if it reaches 85% client’s HR max
-because no longer submax
assumptions for submaximal testing
-linear relationship between HR + VO2 between 110-150 bpm
-HR from 2 workloads can be plotted against VO2 + used to extrapolate HR max; HR max is then used to estimate VO2 max
-HR max is similar for individuals of similar age
-steady state HR can be achieved in 3-4 min at the same workload
-equal mechanical efficiency for everyone at a given workload; same caloric expenditure + same absolute oxygen requirements
what plateaus at 40-60%
SV
-after that, only HR will affect VO2
general procedures for submaximal testing
-obtain resting HR + BP immediately before exercise in the exercising posture
-client should be familiarized with equipment being used
-2-3 min warm up
-HR should be monitored for each stage of exercise + should be at steady state
-steady state = within 5 bpm
-BP should be measured once per stage
-RPE should be monitored
-appropriate cool down should be initiated
-all physiological measurements should be continued for 5 min after test stops
maximal testing
goes to volitional fatigue
max or submax tests are more accurate
max
if VO2 max isn’t reached…
we hit a peak
PRIMARY criteria for determining if individual hit a VO2 max
plateau in VO2 with an increased intensity <150 mL/min
if primary criteria for determining if individual hit a VO2 max isn’t reached…
2 of the criteria below must be reached to be considered a max
-post-exercise blood lactate > 8 mmol/L
-RER > 1.15
-reach max HR (220-age) +/- 10bpm
-RPE > 17
RER
respiratory exchange ratio
RER is ratio of what
CO2 produced/O2 consumed
what does RER tell us
indication of substrate use
-aka what macronutrient we are using
nomogram
indirect estimate of VO2 max
regression equations
indirect estimate of VO2 max
graded test
fitness test that uses multiple stages of increasing intensity to measure or estimate CR fitness
single stage protocol
client exercises at 1 intensity + then the CR fitness is estimated from their performance
can single stage protocol be for a max test
NO- only submax
majority of metaolic carts used for VO2 analysis are open/closed-circuit spirometry
open
-including the Parvo-medic cart used in lab
**be able to do graphing method for FRQ
graphing method gives us
relative VO2
