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*EXAM 1 Exercise Prescription Lecture > **EXAM1- Body Composition > Flashcards

**EXAM1- Body Composition Flashcards

1
Q

body composition

A

branch of human biology which mainly focuses on the in vivo quantification of body components, the quantitative relationships between components, + component alterations related to various influencing factors

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2
Q

2-compartment model

A

body is divided into FM + FFM

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3
Q

2 assumptions of 2-compartment model (since fat mass is not directly measured)

A

-FM has a density of 0.9 g/cm^3
-FFM has a density of 1.1 g/cm^3

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4
Q

FM has a density of ____ g/cm^3

A

0.9

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5
Q

FFM has a density of ____ g/cm^3

A

1.1

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6
Q

we typically see more variability in FM/FFM

A

FFM

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7
Q

example question- if given that someone is 1.02 g/cm^3, be able to identify % body fat

A

-40% because…
-1 = 50%
-1.1 = 0%

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8
Q

for the assumptions about density of FM/FFM, is it true for all cases

A

not the case in all genders, race, age, fitness status, + health status

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9
Q

density of water

A

1 g/cm^3

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10
Q

direct method for measuring/estimating body composition

A

dissection (in vivo)

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11
Q

indirect methods for measuring/estimating body composition

A

-skinfolds
-DXA scan
-hydrostatic weighing
-air displacement plethysmography (aka bod pod)
-BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis, single + multi-frequency)

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12
Q

3 methods of relative fat estimation from correlation with body size

A

-BW measurement
-BMI
-waist circumference

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13
Q

out of the 3 methods of relative fat estimation from correlation with body size, which tells us the most

A

waist circumference
-tells us about visceral fat, adiposity

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14
Q

we often see ____ obesity

A

MASKED

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15
Q

masked obesity

A

high % body fat but normal BMI

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16
Q

skinfold- direct/indirect measurement of body comp

A

doubly indirect

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17
Q

what does skinfold directly measure

A

skinfold thickness

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18
Q

DXA- direct/indirect measurement of body comp

A

indirect

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19
Q

what does DXA directly measure

A

density

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20
Q

BIA- direct/indirect measurement of body comp

A

indirect

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21
Q

what does BIA directly measure

A

total body water

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22
Q

hydrostatic weighing- direct/indirect measurement of body comp

A

indirect

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23
Q

what does hydrostatic weighing directly measure

A

density

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24
Q

bod pod- direct/indirect measurement of body comp

A

indirect

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25
Q

what does bod pod directly measure

A

density

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26
Q

obesity

A

abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health

27
Q

associated health risks of obesity

A

-type 2 diabetes
-CVD
-some cancers
-strokes
-gallstones
-sleep apnea
-osteoarthritis

28
Q

how do most major health organizations quantify obesity

A

-BW
-BMI

29
Q

problem with using BW to quantify obesity

A

measures total weight which includes fluids, fluctuates a lot throughout the day
(~5% daily)

30
Q

example of calculating body water fluctuation

A

200lb man, 65% water
-200lbs x 0.65 = 130ls
-130lbs x 0.05 = 6.75lbs
-so, +/- 6.75lbs variance (13.5lb total)

31
Q

BMI equation

A

weight/height^2

32
Q

units of BMI

A

kg/m^2

33
Q

to convert from lbs -> kg

A

divide by 2.2

34
Q

to convert from inches -> cm

A

x2.54

35
Q

example of BMI calculation
6 feet, 175lbs

A

-6 ft x 12 inches = 72 inches
-72 inches x 2.54 = 183cm
-183cm/100 = 1.83m
-1.83 x 1.83 = 3.35
-175lbs x .456 = 79.8 kg
-79.8/3.35 = 23.8

36
Q

what is the most accurate + best measurement of body comp

A

DXA

37
Q

if we use BMI…we want to use it in conjunction with

A

body composition

38
Q

hydrostatic weighing

A

very accurate measurement based off of Archimedes principle that the buoyant force which water exerts on an immersed object is equal to the weight of water that the object displaces

39
Q

what was the OLD gold standard

A

hydrostatic weighing

40
Q

is there error in hydrostatic weighing

A

-there is still an inherent error, due to the major assumption of the 2 compartment model
-the estimation of residual volume of air in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract can also create error
-water temperature also must be accounted for because it slightly changes the density of water

41
Q

drawbacks of hydrostatic weighing

A

-high cost
-very high maintenance

42
Q

standard error of hydrostatic weighing

A

1.5%

43
Q

DXA stands for

A

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

44
Q

DXA

A

originally developed for the diagnosis of osteoporosis + the measurement of bone mineral density through densiometry
-the transmission of photons at two energy levels

45
Q

what is the GOLD STANDARD

A

DXA
-msot valid + reliable

46
Q

drawbacks of DXA

A

-high costs
-low doses of radiation

47
Q

standard error of DXA

A

1.5%

48
Q

bod pod is also called

A

air displacement plethysmography

49
Q

bod pod is similar to what method

A

hydrostatic weighing

50
Q

bod pod

A

measures body volume doing so through changes in air volume

51
Q

drawbacks of bod pod

A

-high costs
-calibration

52
Q

standard error of bod pod

A

3.5%

53
Q

BIA stands for

A

bioelectrical impedance analysis

54
Q

single frequency BIA

A

-measures impedance (Z), resistance ( R ), + reactance (X), which are mathematically linked: Z2=R2+X2
-permits estimate of FFM + total body water but cannot determine intra-cellular water

55
Q

is there a BIA method that measures total body impedance

A

no
-because current cannot travel through the head

56
Q

drawbacks of single frequency BIA

A

-low reliability
-inability to measure dehydrated individuals
-low accuracy

57
Q

standard error of single frequency BIA

A

10%

58
Q

multi-frequency BIA

A

-uses regression equations from 4 compartment model to adjust fat-mass estimation
-measures impedance (Z), resistance ( R ), + reactance (X), which are mathematically linked: Z2=R2+X2 + use empirical linear regression models to estimate total body water
-uses different frequencies

59
Q

multi-frequency BIA measurements are made of

A

-right arm
-left arm
-right leg
-left leg
-trunk
-right side of body
-left side of body

60
Q

drawbacks of multi-frequency BIA

A

-accuracy
-cost

61
Q

standard error of multi-frequency BIA

A

1.5%

62
Q

in BIA, fat/muscle has more impedance

A

fat

63
Q

waist circumference

A

horizontal measure at the narrowest part of the torso (above the umbilicus + below the xiphoid process)
-simple, reliable, + correlates well with abdominal fat content irrespective of the BMI

64
Q

what can waist circumference be used as an indictor of

A

obesity-related health risk
-because abdominal obesity is the primary issue

*EXAM 1 Exercise Prescription Lecture (28 decks)

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