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exercise physiology > Exam review > Flashcards

Exam review Flashcards

1
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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2
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

involuntary

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3
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

voluntary

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4
Q

What is a plasmalemma, what does it fuse to, and what does are its actions?

A

It is the cell membrane, it fuses with tendon, and it conducts action potential, maintains pH and transports nutrients

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5
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

They help muscle growth and development, they also respond to injury, immobilization and training

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6
Q

What is the sarcoplasm of the cell?

A

The cytoplasm of the muscle cell that stores glycogen stores and myoglobin

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7
Q

What do transverse (T-Tubules) do?

A

They carry out action potential deep into muscle fiber

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8
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic recticulum store?

A

Ca+

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9
Q

What do sarcomeres do and what is their stripped appearance?

A

They are the basic contractile element of the skeletal muscle
A bands – dark stripes (contains both actin and myosin filaments)
I bands – light stipes (contain only actin filaments)
H-zone – middle of A band (contains only myosin filaments)
M- line – middle of H zone

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10
Q

What is the thick filament? What is the thin filament?

A

The thick filament = myosin

The thin filament = actin

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11
Q

What are the 3 proteins actin is composed of and what are their actions?

A

Actin – contains myosin binding site
Tropomyosin – covers active site at rest
Troponin – anchored to actin, moves tropomyosin

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12
Q

What do a-motor neurons do?

A

They innervate muscle fibers, more operating motor units = more contractile force

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13
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction and what does it consist of?

A

Site of communication between neuron and muscle, it consist of synapse between a-motor neuron and muscle fiber

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14
Q

List the steps for excitation-contraction coupling.

A

Action potential starts in brain, arrives at axon terminals and releases ACh, Ach crosses synapse and binds to Ach receptors on plasmalemma, action potential travels down plasmalemma through the T-tubules, this triggers Ca+ release from SR, Ca+ then enables actin-myosin contraction

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15
Q

What does Ca+ bind to and what does it do?

A

Ca+ binds to troponin on the thin filament and it moves tropomyosin so that the myosin can bind to the actin and the muscle contraction can occur

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16
Q

During muscle relaxation what do the myofilaments look like?

A

they overlap

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17
Q

During contracted state what occurs between the filaments?

A

Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center (power stroke), the filaments slide past each other, and all the muscle fibers shorten

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18
Q

What is necessary for muscle contraction?

A

Energy from ATP breakdown, ATP -> ADP + Pi + energy

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19
Q

What binds on the myosin head during muscle contraction?

A

ATPase

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20
Q

What percentage of Type 1 fiber is located in the average muscle and what is its peak tension?

A

50%, and its peak tension is 110 ms (slow twitch)

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21
Q

What percentage of Type 2 fiber is located in the average muscle and what is its peak tension?

A

25% - type 2a
25% - type 2x
Its peak tension is 50 ms (fast twitch)

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22
Q

What does fast myosin ATPase cause? What does slow myosin ATPase cause?

A

Fast myosin ATPase = fast contraction cycling

Slower myosin ATPase = slower contraction cycling

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23
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has a more highly developed SR?

A

Type 2, this causes faster Ca+ release

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24
Q

What type of muscle fiber does an endurance athlete have more of? What type of muscle fiber does a power athlete have more of?

A

Endurance athlete – type 1 predominate

Power athlete – type 2 predominate

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25
Q

Which type of muscle fiber can maintain exercise for prolonged periods and what does it require?

A

Type 1, it requires oxygen for ATP production

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26
Q

Which type of muscle fiber can run a 1,600 m run?

A

Type 2a

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27
Q

Which type of muscle fiber can run a 100 m run?

A

Type 2x

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28
Q

What does concurrent training do to type 2a and type 2x muscle fibers?

A

Increases type 2a and decreases type 2x

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29
Q

What is the recruitment order for muscle fibers?

A

Type 1, type 2a, type 2x

Type 1 motor units are smaller than type 2

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30
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortens while producing force, maximal force decreases at higher speeds
Ex: curling a heavy weight

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31
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthens while producing force, maximal force increases at higher speeds
Ex: lowering a heavy weight

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32
Q

What is static contraction?

A

Muscle produces force but does not change length

Ex: holding a heavy weight straight forward

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33
Q

What is dynamic contraction?

A

Muscle produces force and changes length

Ex: joint movement

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34
Q

Which muscle fiber motor units produces more force type 1 or type 2?

A

Type 2 motor units

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35
Q

What are substrates?

A

Fuel source from which we make energy

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36
Q

What are considered substrates?

A

Carbs, fats, proteins

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37
Q

What is the process of converting substrates into energy?

A

Bioenergetics

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38
Q

Word for all chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

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39
Q

How can energy release be measured?

A

by heat

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40
Q

1 calorie = heat required to raise ____________ of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C?

A

1 gram

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41
Q

What percentages are carb and fat substrates when the body is at rest?

A

both at 50%

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42
Q

What substrate is used more in short intense workouts?

A

carbs

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43
Q

What substrate/s is used in long intermediate workouts?

A

carbs and fats

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44
Q

True or false – All carbohydrates are converted into glucose?

A

true

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45
Q

What substrate is the primary ATP for the muscle and brain?

A

carbs

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46
Q

How much carbs are stored in the body?

A

4.1 kcal/g ~ 2,500 kcal

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47
Q

True or false. Does Glycogen make ATP?

A

False. glycogen is converted to glucose which then produces ATP. Glucose is converted back into glycogen when not being ued

48
Q

Fat amounts to how much kcal?

A

9.4 kcal/g ~ 70,000 kcal

49
Q

True or false. Proteins are only used as back-up substrates during starvation.

A

True

50
Q

How much protein substrate is in the body?

A

4.1 k/cal\

Supplies 5-10% energy for prolonged exercise

51
Q

In order for protein to be used as ATP it has to be converted into one of these two things.

A

Glucose or FFAs (free fatty acids)

52
Q

T or F. Mass action affect is when you use more of the substrate that is available than the substrates that aren’t.

A

True

53
Q

T or F. Enzymes do not control the rate of energy production.

A

False

54
Q

What components create ATP?

A

ADP + Pi + energy

55
Q

What is the equation that requires the breakdown of ATP?

A

ATP + water + ATPase → ADP + Pi + energy

56
Q

What substrate is the most accessible energy source?

A

Carbohydrates ( as glucose)

57
Q

Fat stored as Triglycerides as to be converted into what before used to create ATP?

A

FFA (free Fatty Acids)

58
Q

What controls the rate of metabolism and energy production?

A

Enzymes

59
Q

What inhibits enzyme activity?

A

negative feedback

60
Q

T or F. ATP can be created with and without oxygen.

A

true

61
Q

Duration of ATP-PCr System?

A

3-15 Seconds

62
Q

What does ATP- PCr System yield?

A

1 ATP/ 1 mol PCr

63
Q

T or F. ATP- PCr system replenishes ATP during the workout?

A

False, replenishes ATP store during rest

64
Q

What controls ATP – PCr System?

A

Creatine kinase

65
Q

Duration of glycolytic system?

A

15s to 2 minutes

66
Q

ATP yield of Glycolytic system?

A

2 to 3 mol ATP/ 1 mol substr

67
Q

Rate limiting enzyme for the glycolytic system?

A

Phosphofructokinase

68
Q

Oxidative system yields how many ATP per 1 glucose?

A

32 to 33

69
Q 
What race could be run using the oxidative system?
100 m
800m 
1.5 miles 
3 miles
Both c and d
A

E

70
Q

What are the three cycle of the oxidative system?

A

Glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

71
Q

Krebs Cycle produces a net cycle of how much?

A

+2 (or +3 ATP)

72
Q

How much ATP per NADH?

A

2.5

73
Q

How much ATP per FADH?

A

1.5

74
Q

What is the major source of energy?

A

Triglycerides

75
Q

T or F. Glucose yields 3 to 4 times more that ATP than fat.

A

False. fat yields more

76
Q

What enters the Krebs Cycle from the glycolytic process?

A

Acetyl – CoA

77
Q

What regulates the Krebs cycle?

A

Negative feedback

78
Q

What system does the electrical communication belong to?

A

Nervous system

79
Q

What system does the chemical communication belong to?

A

Endocrine system

80
Q

What does the Endocrine System do?

A

Maintains homeostasis via hormones and during exercise, monitors internal environment, coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise.

81
Q

What are the two groups nonsteroid hormones are divided into?

A

Protein/ Peptide hormones and Amino Acid-derived hor

82
Q

Where are the Protein/Peptide hormones found?

A

Pancreas, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland

83
Q

Adrenal Medulla hormones are associated with what type of group from the Nonsteriod hormones?

A

Amino-Acid-derived hormones

84
Q

True or False: Nonsteriod Hormones are not lipid soluble and cannot cross membranes.

A

true

85
Q

How are Hormones secreted?

A

They are secreted in burst (pulsatile).

86
Q

Are hormones secretion negative or positive feedback and why?

A

Negative feedback because hormones caused changes in the body.

87
Q

What is a poor indicator of hormone activity?

A

Plasma Concentration

88
Q

The number of receptors during high plasma concentration equals Desensitization is what type of Hormone action?

A

Downregulation

89
Q

The number of receptors during high plasma concentration equals sensitization is what type of hormone action?

A

Upregulation

90
Q

True or False: Hormones limit scope of their effects by using hormone-specific receptors.

A

True

91
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

They are lipid soluble and can cross the membrane.

92
Q

Where are the steroid hormone receptors found?

A

Inside the cell, in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

93
Q

What does the hormone receptor complex do after it enters the nucleus?

A
  • Its binds to DNA and regulates mRNA synthesis
94
Q

What do the second messengers do for the Nonsteriod hormones?

A

Carry out hormone effects and strengthen the hormone signal.

95
Q

What is the Prostaglandins and what do they do?

A

It’s the third class of (pseudo) hormones which act as local hormones in the inflammatory response and sensitize nociceptor free nerve endings.

96
Q

What are important exercise related functions of the endocrine glands and their hormones?

A

Regulation of the metabolism and body fluids during exercise and regulate food and appetite intakes.

97
Q

Major endocrine glands responsible for the metabolic regulation are?

A

Anterior pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and pancreas.

98
Q

T or F. Pituitary gland attached to posterior hypothalamus.

A

False. It is attached to the inferior hypothalamus.

99
Q

When the Anterior pituitary releases thyrotropin where does it travel next?

A

It travels to the thyroid and stimulates T3 and T4

100
Q

What happens when exercise increases thyroid-stimulating hormone release?

A

Short term: T4 increases, prolonged exercise: T4 remains constant and T3 decreases.

101
Q

What increases when the Catecholamine is released?

A

Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure, Glycogenolysis, FFA, and the blood flow to the skeleton.

102
Q

True or False: Insulin highers blood glucose.

A

False. Insulin lowers blood glucose.

103
Q

True or False: Glucagon raises blood glucose.

A

True

104
Q

What does adequate glucose require during exercise?

A

Glucose released by liver and uptake by muscle

105
Q

What hormones increase circulating glucose?

A

Glucagon, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and cortisol

106
Q

T or F. Amount of glucose released from liver depends on exercise intensity, duration.

A

True.

107
Q

T or F. Insulin disables glucose uptake in muscle.

A

False. Insulin enables glucose uptake in muscle.

108
Q

Where is fat stored as triglycerides?

A

Adipose tissue

109
Q

What are lipolysis stimulated by?

A

Decreased insulin, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Cortisol, and GH.

110
Q

During exercise Plasma volume causes?

A

Hydrostatic pressure, tissue osmotic pressure, plasma water content via sweating, blood pressure, and heart strain.

111
Q

What hormones correct fluid imbalance?

A

Posterior pituitary gland, adrenal cortex, and kidneys.

112
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

A

To secrete mineralocorticoids such as the aldosterone.

113
Q

True or False, Osmotic water movement maximizes loss of plasma volume and maintains blood pressure.

A

False. It minimizes the loss of plasma volume.

114
Q

The hypothalamus is the appetite control center of what organ?

A

The brain

115
Q

What does exercise affect?

A

-Hunger and satiety hormones.

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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