Ex Phys chapter 22 Flashcards
Obesity
Excessive body fat (men >__%, women >___%)
Borderline obese: men __ to __%, women __ to __%
- 25
- 35
- 20-25
- 30-35
Body mass index (BMI) -Body weight in kilograms/(height in m)2 -Does not account for body composition Overweight: \_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_ kg/m2 Obese: \_\_\_\_kg/m2
- 25.0-29.9
- 30.0+
BMI classification cut-points change for difference races and ethnicities
For a given BMI, Asians have a higher body fat
______ same for all populations
BMI >30
BMI CLassifications underweight: normal: overweight: Obesity classI obesity: Obesity class II extreme: Obesity class III
-=40
Men
- minimal fat: %
- below average:%
- above average: %
- at risk: %
5
5-15
16-25
>25%
women
- minimal fat:
- below average:
- above average:
- at risk:
8%
14-23%
24-32%
>32%
Over age 25, average person gains ~____to __ lb per year; Up to 33 extra lb by age 55
Lean mass decreases ~ ___ lb per year
- 0.7-1.1
- .22
In 2006, medical costs for obesity in U.S.
$___ billion or 10% of all medical expenditure
Obese people spend __% more on healthcare costs
Childhood obesity alone is responsible for $___ billion in direct costs
Increased absenteeism ($___ billion annually)
Lower productivity while at work
Costs employers $___ per obese worker per year
- 210
- 42
- 14.1
- 4.3
- 506
___ billion are overweight worldwide
2
Body may regulate around set point using
- _____ (RMR)
- _____ (TEM)
- ____(TEA)
Resting metabolic rate
Thermal effect of meals
Thermal effect of activity
RMR
Body’s metabolic rate in the early morning
__ to __% of total energy expenditure
60-75
TEM
Energy expended to digest, store nutrients, etc.
__% of total energy expenditure
May be defective in obese individuals
10
TEA
Energy expended to accomplish activities
__ to __% of total energy expenditure
15-30
Android obesity:
upper body (apple)
Gynoid obesity
lower body (pear)
Android obesity → higher risk for
- Cardiovascular disease
- Elevated blood lipids
- Diabetes
Weight loss reduces severity of
- Angina pectoris
- Hypertension
- Congestive heart disease
- Heart attack recurrence
- Varicose veins
- Diabetes
- Orthopedic problems
Weight loss = kilocalorie intake
kilocalorie expenditure
weight loss is not to exceed __to__ lbs per week
1-2
diet for weight loss:
-Reduce overall ___ intake and ___ consumption
Eat low _____ foods
calorie
fat
Glycemic Index
Hormone treatments for weight loss:
- decrease appetite
- increase RMR
- serious side effects, life threatening
Surgical Treatments for weight loss :
- Intestinal bypass
- Gastric banding or bypass
- reserved for most extreme serious cases
Major cause of obesity is:
overeating, and inactivity
best treatment for weight loss:
kilocalorie restriction
exercise alters body composition
- Significant long-term kilocalorie deficit
- Significant long-term ____
fat loss
EPOC → ↑
postexercise metabolism
Body mass and composition changes with exercise
– ↓ Total weight
– ↓ Fat mass, percent body fat
Maintained or ↑ FFM
FFM means
fat-free mass
Exercise effects on appetite
- Exercise probably does not significantly stimulate _____
- Should still be included in weigh management programs
- Energy intake and expenditure coupled well when activity level is _____
- appetite
- high enough
Exercise effects on RMR
May increase with training
Resistance training of interest (RMR related to FFM)
Exercise effects on TEM
Pre- and postmeal exercise → ↑ TEM
Chronic exercise training → inconclusive
Exercise effects on fat mobilization
During exercise, FFA mobilization ↑
Possible causes: hGH, sympathetic stimulation, catecholamines
Low-intensity aerobics and weight loss
- High intensity → ↑ percent energy from CHO oxidation
- Low intensity → ↑ percent energy from fat oxidation
- Low intensity → no change in total fat kilocalories expended
- Low intensity → ↓ in total kilocalories expended
Fat-max zone
- Zone where fat oxidation rates near peak
- 55 to 72% V•O2max
What are the classifications of diabetes?
- Diabetes mellitus
- –Hyperglycemia
- –Insulin insufficiency and/or resistance
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Gestational
- Prediabetes
Type 1 diabetes
- Autoimmune (β-cells destroyed, no insulin)
- Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- 5 to 10% of all diabetes cases
Type 2 diabetes
- Loss of insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance)
- Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- 90 to 95% of all diabetes cases
- Term adult onset no longer correct
Gestational diabetes
Develops in pregnant women
4% of pregnancies, causes complications
Prediabetes
Predictor of full-blown diabetes
Impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance
Glucose tolerance test:
diagnostic test
Oral
Intravenous
Signs of type 1 diabetes
- Excessive urination, thirst
- Weight loss, extreme hunger
- Fatigue, irritability
Signs of type 2 diabetes
- Any type 1 symptom
- Persistent infections, sores
- Vision changes
- Tingling, numbness in limbs
Type 1 diabetes etiology
- Pancreatic β-cells destroyed
- Cause may be autoimmune, viral infection, degeneration
- Sudden onset in childhood, young adulthood
Type 2 diabetes etiology
-Gradual onset (children and adults)
-Impaired insulin secretion, action, responsiveness
-Obesity major factor
– β-cells, target cells less responsive
diabetes health problems
Cardiovascular disease (all forms)
Kidney disease
Neural disease
Eye disorders (blindness)
Dental disease
Amputations
Type 1 diabetes treatments
Insulin administration
Diet
Exercise
Type 2 diabetes treatments
Weight loss
Diet
Exercise
Recently developed drugs
Role of physical activity in TYPE 1 diabetes
Exercise complicates glycemic control
Hypoglycemia a risk
Can lead to unacceptable plasma glucose fluctuations
Requires careful monitoring
—Helps reduce risk of coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arterial diseases
Role of Physical Activity in Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes
Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity
- Muscle contraction mimics insulin action
- Lowers blood glucose
- Decreases insulin requirement
- Short-term (72 h) effect
-Combination of resistance and aerobic training may be optimal
