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exercise physiology > Ex Phys chapter 22 > Flashcards

Ex Phys chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Obesity
Excessive body fat (men >__%, women >___%)
Borderline obese: men __ to __%, women __ to __%

A
  • 25
  • 35
  • 20-25
  • 30-35
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2
Q 
Body mass index (BMI)
-Body weight in kilograms/(height in m)2
-Does not account for body composition
Overweight: \_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_ kg/m2
Obese: \_\_\_\_kg/m2
A
  • 25.0-29.9

- 30.0+

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3
Q

BMI classification cut-points change for difference races and ethnicities
For a given BMI, Asians have a higher body fat
______ same for all populations

A

BMI >30

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4
Q 
BMI CLassifications 
underweight: 
normal:
overweight: Obesity classI
obesity: Obesity class II
extreme: Obesity class III
A

-=40

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5
Q

Men

  • minimal fat: %
  • below average:%
  • above average: %
  • at risk: %
A

5
5-15
16-25
>25%

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6
Q

women

  • minimal fat:
  • below average:
  • above average:
  • at risk:
A

8%
14-23%
24-32%
>32%

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7
Q

Over age 25, average person gains ~____to __ lb per year; Up to 33 extra lb by age 55
Lean mass decreases ~ ___ lb per year

A
  • 0.7-1.1

- .22

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8
Q

In 2006, medical costs for obesity in U.S.
$___ billion or 10% of all medical expenditure

Obese people spend __% more on healthcare costs

Childhood obesity alone is responsible for $___ billion in direct costs

Increased absenteeism ($___ billion annually)

Lower productivity while at work
Costs employers $___ per obese worker per year

A
  • 210
  • 42
  • 14.1
  • 4.3
  • 506
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9
Q

___ billion are overweight worldwide

A

2

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10
Q

Body may regulate around set point using

  • _____ (RMR)
  • _____ (TEM)
  • ____(TEA)
A

Resting metabolic rate
Thermal effect of meals
Thermal effect of activity

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11
Q

RMR
Body’s metabolic rate in the early morning
__ to __% of total energy expenditure

A

60-75

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12
Q

TEM
Energy expended to digest, store nutrients, etc.
__% of total energy expenditure
May be defective in obese individuals

A

10

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13
Q

TEA
Energy expended to accomplish activities
__ to __% of total energy expenditure

A

15-30

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14
Q

Android obesity:

A

upper body (apple)

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15
Q

Gynoid obesity

A

lower body (pear)

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16
Q

Android obesity → higher risk for

A
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Elevated blood lipids
  • Diabetes
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17
Q

Weight loss reduces severity of

A
  • Angina pectoris
  • Hypertension
  • Congestive heart disease
  • Heart attack recurrence
  • Varicose veins
  • Diabetes
  • Orthopedic problems
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18
Q

Weight loss = kilocalorie intake

A

kilocalorie expenditure

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19
Q

weight loss is not to exceed __to__ lbs per week

A

1-2

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20
Q

diet for weight loss:
-Reduce overall ___ intake and ___ consumption
Eat low _____ foods

A

calorie
fat
Glycemic Index

21
Q

Hormone treatments for weight loss:

A
  • decrease appetite
  • increase RMR
  • serious side effects, life threatening
22
Q

Surgical Treatments for weight loss :

A
  • Intestinal bypass
  • Gastric banding or bypass
  • reserved for most extreme serious cases
23
Q

Major cause of obesity is:

A

overeating, and inactivity

24
Q

best treatment for weight loss:

A

kilocalorie restriction

25
Q

exercise alters body composition

  • Significant long-term kilocalorie deficit
  • Significant long-term ____
A

fat loss

26
Q

EPOC → ↑

A

postexercise metabolism

27
Q

Body mass and composition changes with exercise

A

– ↓ Total weight
– ↓ Fat mass, percent body fat
Maintained or ↑ FFM

28
Q

FFM means

A

fat-free mass

29
Q

Exercise effects on appetite

  • Exercise probably does not significantly stimulate _____
  • Should still be included in weigh management programs
  • Energy intake and expenditure coupled well when activity level is _____
A
  • appetite

- high enough

30
Q

Exercise effects on RMR

A

May increase with training

Resistance training of interest (RMR related to FFM)

31
Q

Exercise effects on TEM

A

Pre- and postmeal exercise → ↑ TEM

Chronic exercise training → inconclusive

32
Q

Exercise effects on fat mobilization

A

During exercise, FFA mobilization ↑

Possible causes: hGH, sympathetic stimulation, catecholamines

33
Q

Low-intensity aerobics and weight loss

A
  • High intensity → ↑ percent energy from CHO oxidation
  • Low intensity → ↑ percent energy from fat oxidation
  • Low intensity → no change in total fat kilocalories expended
  • Low intensity → ↓ in total kilocalories expended
34
Q

Fat-max zone

A
  • Zone where fat oxidation rates near peak

- 55 to 72% V•O2max

35
Q

What are the classifications of diabetes?

A
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • –Hyperglycemia
  • –Insulin insufficiency and/or resistance
  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • Gestational
  • Prediabetes
36
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • Autoimmune (β-cells destroyed, no insulin)
  • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
  • 5 to 10% of all diabetes cases
37
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • Loss of insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance)
  • Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
  • 90 to 95% of all diabetes cases
  • Term adult onset no longer correct
38
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

Develops in pregnant women

4% of pregnancies, causes complications

39
Q

Prediabetes

A

Predictor of full-blown diabetes

Impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance

40
Q

Glucose tolerance test:

A

diagnostic test
Oral
Intravenous

41
Q

Signs of type 1 diabetes

A
  • Excessive urination, thirst
  • Weight loss, extreme hunger
  • Fatigue, irritability
42
Q

Signs of type 2 diabetes

A
  • Any type 1 symptom
  • Persistent infections, sores
  • Vision changes
  • Tingling, numbness in limbs
43
Q

Type 1 diabetes etiology

A
  • Pancreatic β-cells destroyed
  • Cause may be autoimmune, viral infection, degeneration
  • Sudden onset in childhood, young adulthood
44
Q

Type 2 diabetes etiology

A

-Gradual onset (children and adults)
-Impaired insulin secretion, action, responsiveness
-Obesity major factor
– β-cells, target cells less responsive

45
Q

diabetes health problems

A

Cardiovascular disease (all forms)

Kidney disease

Neural disease

Eye disorders (blindness)

Dental disease

Amputations

46
Q

Type 1 diabetes treatments

A

Insulin administration
Diet
Exercise

47
Q

Type 2 diabetes treatments

A

Weight loss
Diet
Exercise
Recently developed drugs

48
Q

Role of physical activity in TYPE 1 diabetes

A

Exercise complicates glycemic control
Hypoglycemia a risk
Can lead to unacceptable plasma glucose fluctuations
Requires careful monitoring

—Helps reduce risk of coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arterial diseases

49
Q

Role of Physical Activity in Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes

A

Exercise enhances insulin sensitivity

  • Muscle contraction mimics insulin action
  • Lowers blood glucose
  • Decreases insulin requirement
  • Short-term (72 h) effect

-Combination of resistance and aerobic training may be optimal

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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