Ex Phys Chapter 17 Flashcards
growth increases in body, or body part ____
size
development is made up of functional ____
changes
Maturation: the process of taking adult form can be observed by
_______ _______ & _______
- chronological age
- skeletal age
- stage of sexual maturation
First year of life:
infancy
First birthday to puberty:
Childhood
Secondary sex characteristics develop during
puberty
puberty growth to completion occurs during
adolescence
The change of height from birth to 2 years is
50% of adult height
2 years before puberty height growth is
slow
height during puberty grows
quickly
mid puberty to late teens, height grows
slowly
height and weight change are not synchronized for male or female. When are these changes fastest for each gender?
- Height change fastest at 12 years (girls), 14 years (boys)
- Weight change fastest at 12.5 years (girls), 14.5 years (boys)
ossification is considered complete when
the growth plates close
estrogen stimulates
plate closure
- girls achieve full bone maturity faster
- male plate closure occurs during
later teens/early 20’s
BMD:
bone mineral density
Calcium is essential for
bone health
muscle mass is __% of body weight at birth
25
Muscle mass is ___-___% of body weight in young men due to increases in testosterone
40-45
muscle mass is __-__% of body weight in young women
30-35%
muscle mass peaks at __-___ years (girls)
& __-__ years (boys)
- 16-20
- 18-25
Fiber hypertrophy → ↑ _______
muscle mass
More/longer sarcomeres → ↑ ______
muscle length
Fat Deposits form in ____ & throughout life
fetus
Amount of fat is affected by
- diet
- exercise
- heredity
Percent body fat changes with age
Birth___ to ___%
10-12%
at physical maturity –women body fat= ___% & men = ____%
- 25
- 15
during neurological development in childhood, the child develops:
Maturity of their myelin will also:
better balance, agility, and coordination.
- influence their strength
Strength peaks at ___ year for women and ___ to ___ years for men, and strength increases as muscle mass increases with age.
- 20
- 20-30
strength, power, and skill require _____
myelination
peak performance requires
neural maturity
boys experience marked change in strength, power, and skill at ~___ years of age
12
for strength, power, and skill development: females show more gradual: ____ _____
linear changes
resting sub-maximal blood pressure for pubescent is lower than in adults (relative to body size) because of
smaller hearts, and lower peripheral resistance during exercise
Children have lower SV: because they have smaller _____, and lower ___ ___
- heart
- Blood Volume
Children have higher heart rate because:
they have to compensate for their lower stroke volume
They have a slightly _____ cardiac output than an adult
lower
(a-v)o2 difference will ____
to further compensate for low stroke volume
children’s maximal stroke volume is _____ than in adults
lower
Children’s maximal heart rate is ______ than adults
higher
children’s Maximal Cardiac output is lower which means less ____ delivery, but this is not a serious limitation for relative workouts
o2
lung volume and peak flow rates increase with
age
During post-puberty girl’s absolute values for lungs are lower than boy’s due to
smaller body size
Metabolic function increases with____ and this is related to
- age
- muscle mass, strength, cardiorespiratory function
cardiorespiratory changes that occur with age permit greater delivery of
o2
Children’s economy of effort is worse than adults because :
-however, with age, skills, improve, & stride lengthens
child’s consumption of 02 per KG is> than adult’s
endurance running pace increases with age and this is purely a result of
economy of effort
endurance running pace increases with age, and this is regardless of
V•O2max changes or training status
Children limited anaerobic performance compared
to adults
youth have Lower glycolytic capacity in muscle which is the result of
- less mucle glycogen
- blood lactate lower
- less glycolytic enzyme activity
- mean and peak power increase with age
resting stores of ATP-PCr similar to
adults
Endocrine responses to exercise
-Exercising growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor surge ↑ than in adults
– ↑ Stress response to exercise compared to adults
-Hypoglycemic at exercise onset
-Immature liver glycogenolysis
Substrate utilization in youth relies more on _____ compared to adults and their exogenous glucose utlliization is high
fat oxidation
