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exercise physiology > Ex Phys Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Ex Phys Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sometimes called involuntary muscle is not under direct conscious control

A

smooth muscle

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2
Q

muscle found only in the heart, composing the vast majority of the heart’s structure

A

Cardiac muscle

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3
Q

These muscles are under conscious control and are so named because most attach to and move the skeleton

A

Skeletal muscles

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles and bones make up the _____ system

A

Musculo-skeletal system

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5
Q

the body contains more than ______ skeletal muscles

A

600

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6
Q

out connective tissue covering of the muscle

A

epimysium

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7
Q

small bundles of fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath of the muscle

A

fascicles

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8
Q

the connective tissues sheath surrounding each fascicle

A

perimysium

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9
Q

inside the perimysium, these muscle cells take the form of

A

muscle fibers

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10
Q

unlike most cells, these cells are multinucleate

A

muscle cells

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11
Q

this sheath of connective tissue also covers each muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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12
Q

the basic unit of a myofibril

A

sarcomere

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13
Q

surrounding each individual muscle fiber is the plasma membrane AKA the ____

A

plasmalemma

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14
Q

the plasmalemma is part of a larger unit known as the ____

A

sarcolemma

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15
Q

the sarcolemma is composed of _____ &________

A

The plasmalemma and basement membrane

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16
Q

These cells are located between the plasmalemma and the basement membrane. They’re involved in growth, and dev. of muscle

A

Satellite Cells

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17
Q

A gelatin-like substance filling the spaces of the myofibrils. (the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber) it contains a high amount of myglobin and glycogen

A

Sarcoplasm

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18
Q

The sarcoplasm houses an extensive network of ___. (extensions of the plasmalemma that pass laterally through the muscle fiber)

A

Transverse tubules. (T tubules)

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19
Q

A longitudinal network of tubules known as_____ are also found within the fiber. It runs parallel to the myofibrils and loop around them. It’s a storage site for calcium.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

Each muscle fiber contains several hundred to several thousand _____. They’re made up of the basic contractile elements of skeletal muscle-the sarcomeres.

A

myofibrils

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21
Q

the dark regions of myofibrils

A

A band

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22
Q

The light regions of myofibrils

A

I band

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23
Q

The lighter band within the A band.

A

H zone

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24
Q

The dark line in the H zone

A

m-line

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25
Q

The light I band has a dark stripe known as the

A

z disk or z line

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26
Q

The basic functional unit of a myofibril, and the basic contractile uint of muscle

A

sarcomere

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27
Q

Thinner filaments are composed mostly of _____ (lighter parts of sarcomere)

A

actin

28
Q

Thicker Filaments are mostly composed of ___ (darker parts of sarcomere)

A

Myosin

29
Q

Although each filament is referred to as an actin filament is actually composed of actin, _______ & _______. each end has one end inserted into a z disk, with opposite end extending toward the center of the sarcomere.

A

Actin, tropomyosin and troponin.

30
Q

______ an anchoring protein for actin, co-extends with actin and appears to be playing a regulatory role in mediating actin and myosin interactions.

A

nebulin

31
Q

a tube shaped protein that twists are the actin strands

A

tropomyosin

32
Q

a nerve cell that connects with and innervates many muscle fibers

A

A motor neuron

33
Q

a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it signals collectively termed as a

A

motor unit

34
Q

The synapse of gap between the motor neuron and muscle fiber are known as the ___

A

the neuromuscular junction

35
Q

The complex sequence of events that triggers a muscle fiber to contract is termed as _______

A

excitation-contraction coupling

36
Q

a nerve impulse is also known as

A

action potential

37
Q

the action potential arrives at the motor neuron’s

A

dendrites

38
Q

axon terminals leave a signaling molecule or neurotransmitter called

A

Acetylcholine

39
Q

___ binds to troponin on thin filament

A

Calcium

40
Q

_____ binds to actin when tropomyosin is gone

A

myosin

41
Q

the explanation for how muscle fibers shorten

A

the sliding filament theory

42
Q

The tilting of the myosin head is called the

A

power stroke

43
Q

after the power stroke ends

A
  • myosin heads detach
  • myosin head rotates back to original position
  • myosin attaches to another active site further down
44
Q

In addition to the binding site for actin, a myosin head contains a binding site for the molecule _____

A

Adenine triphosphate

45
Q

energy from _____ breakdown is used to power the tilting of the myosin head

A

(ATP) Adenine triphosphate

46
Q

This enzyme is located in myosin head and splits the atp to yield adenosine diphospahate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate, and energy. The breakdown of this energy is used to tilt the myosin head.

A

adenine tripohosphatase

47
Q

After Action potential (AP) ends

A
  • electrical stimulation of SR ends
  • calcium is pumped back into SR
  • Stored until next AP arrives
  • Requires ATP
48
Q

without calcium present:

A

tropomyosin and troponin return to resting conformation.

  • covers myosin-binding site
  • prevents actin-myosin bridging
49
Q

Fast myosin ATPase

A

fast contraction cycling

50
Q

Slower myosin ATPase

A

slower contraction cycling

51
Q
  • Type II fibers have a more highly developed ____

- & 5times faster release of ______

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ca2

52
Q

Type ___ motor units are smaller neurons with less than 300 fibers

A

1

53
Q

Type ___ motor units have larger neurons and contain more than 300 fibers

A

2

54
Q

-fibers per motor neuron:

A

type I

55
Q
  • fibers per motor neuron: >300
  • motor neuron size: larger
  • conduction velocity : faster
  • contraction speed (ms): 50
  • Type of myosin ATPase: fast
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum: high
A

Type IIa and type IIx

56
Q

Can maintain exercise for a prolonged period, requires oxygen for atp production, low-intensity aerobic exercise, daily activities.

A

Type 1

57
Q
  • poor aerobic endurance, fatigue quickly,

- produce atp anaerobically

A

Type II fibers

58
Q
  • More force, faster fatigue than type 1

- short, high intensity endurance events (1,600 m run)

A

Type IIa

59
Q
  • Seldom used for everyday activities

- short explosive sprints (100m)

A

type IIx

60
Q

training can induce a ___% change in fiber type

A

10%

61
Q

the motor unties decrease as individual ages

A

type II

62
Q
  • Muscle shortens while producing force
  • Most familiar type of contraction
  • Sarcomere shortens, filaments slide toward center
A

Concentric contraction

63
Q
  • Muscle lengthens while producing force
  • Cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens
  • Example: lowering heavy weight
A

Eccentric contraction

64
Q
  • Muscle produces force but does not change length
  • Joint angle does not change
  • Myosin cross-bridges form and recycle, no sliding
A

Static (isometric) contraction

65
Q
  • Muscle produces force and changes length

- Joint movement produced

A

Dynamic contraction

66
Q
  • Optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap

- Too short or too stretched = little or no force develops

A

Length-tension relationship

67
Q
  • Concentric: maximal force development decreases at higher speeds
  • Eccentric: maximal force development increases at higher speeds
A

Speed-force relationship

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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