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exercise physiology > Ex phys chapter 7 > Flashcards

Ex phys chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of the respiratory system is to

A

carry O2 to and remove CO2 from all body tissues

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2
Q

The 4 processes that carry out the respiratory process are

A
  • Pulmonary ventilation (external respiration)
  • Pulmonary diffusion (external respiration)
  • Transport of gases via blood
  • Capillary diffusion (internal respiration)
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3
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

is the process of moving air into and out of lungs (transport zone, and exchange zone)

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4
Q

At rest, air drawn into lungs through nose, but:

A

through mouth when demand exceeds

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5
Q

Nose/mouth → pharynx →

A

larynx → trachea → bronchial tree → alveoli

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6
Q

Lungs suspended by pleural sacs

  • Parietal pleura lines ______wall
  • Visceral (pulmonary) pleura attaches to lungs
  • Lungs take size and shape of rib cage
A

thoracic

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7
Q

Anatomy of lung, pleural sacs, diaphragm, and rib cage determines:

A

airflow into and out of lungs

  • Inspiration
  • Expiration
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8
Q

inspiration is a ___ process.

A

active

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9
Q

Involved muscles in inspiration::

  • _____ ______ move rib cage (up & out) and sternum (up & forward)
  • ________ flattens down toward the abdomen
A
  • External intercostals

- Diaphragm

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10
Q

Inspiration:
-Expands thoracic cavity in ____ dimensions

  • Expands volume inside ______ cavity
  • Expands volume inside lungs
A
  • three

- thoracic

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11
Q

Lung volume ↑, intrapulmonary pressure ↓

  • ______ law regarding pressure versus volume
  • At constant temperature, pressure and volume inversely ______
A
  • Boyle’s

- proportional

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12
Q

during respiration Air passively rushes in due to

A

pressure difference

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13
Q

Forced breathing uses additional muscles such as
____ _____ &_______ that
Raise ribs even farther

A

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectorals

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14
Q

expiration is usually a ____ process

A

passive

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15
Q

expiration: Usually passive process
- ______ muscles relax
- ____ ____ ↓, intrapulmonary pressure ↑
- Air forced out of lungs

A
  • Inspiratory

- lung volume

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16
Q

when expiration is an active process (forced breathing):

  • ____ ___ pull ribs down
  • Also, ____ ____ & ____ ____
  • Abdominal muscles force diaphragm back up
A
  • Internal intercostals

- latissimus dorsi, quadratus lumborum

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17
Q

Respiratory pump

  • Changes in intra-abdominal, intrathoracic pressure promote : ____
  • Pressure ↑ → venous compression/squeezing
  • Pressure ↓ → venous filling
A

venous return to heart

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18
Q

Milking action from changing pressures assists :

A

right atrial filling (respiratory pump)

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19
Q

pulmonary volumes:

Measured using

A

spirometry

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20
Q

pulmonary volumes: Measured using spirometry

  • Lung volumes, capacities, flow rates
  • _______– air entering & leaving the lungs
  • _______ – greatest air volume expired
  • _______ – air remained in lungs
  • ________– sum of VC and RV
A
  • Tidal volume
  • Vital capacity (VC)
  • Residual volume (RV)
  • Total lung capacity (TLC)
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21
Q

spirometry

A

Diagnostic tool for respiratory disease

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22
Q

pulmonary diffusion is:

A

Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

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23
Q

Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries

  • Inspired air path: bronchial tree → arrives at _____
  • Blood path: right ventricle → _____ → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary capillaries
  • Capillaries surround alveoli
A
  • alveoli

- pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

Pulmonary Diffusion Serves two major functions:

A
  • Replenishes blood oxygen supply

- Removes carbon dioxide from blood

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25
Q

At rest, lungs receive ______ blood / min

A

~4 to 6 L

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26
Q

RV cardiac output = LV cardiac output

Lung blood flow = _______

A

systemic blood flow

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27
Q

Low pressure circulation

  • Lung MAP = ___ mmHg versus aortic MAP = ___ mmHg
  • Small pressure gradient (15 mmHg to 5 mmHg)
  • Resistance much lower due to _______
A
  • 15
  • 95
  • thinner vessel walls
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28
Q

Respiratory Membrane is also called

A

alveolar-capillary membrane

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29
Q

respiratory membrane Also called alveolar-capillary membrane is made up of

A

Alveolar wall
Capillary wall
Respective basement membranes

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30
Q

Respiratory membrane: Surface across which gases are exchanged:
-Very thin: _ to _ μm
-Large surface area: ___ alveoli in close proximity to blood
Maximizes gas exchange

A
  • 0.5-4

- 300 MILLION

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31
Q

Pulmonary Diffusion:
Partial Pressures of Gases
Air=

A

79.04% N2 + 20.93% O2 + 0.03% CO2

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32
Q

Total air P:

A

atmospheric pressure

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33
Q

Individual P:

A

partial pressures

34
Q

Standard atmospheric P =

35
Q

Dalton’s Law: total air P = PN2 + PO2 + PCO2

A

PN2 + PO2 + PCO2

36
Q 
PN2 = 760 x 79.04% = \_\_\_
PO2 = 760 x 20.93% = \_\_\_\_\_\_
PCO2 = 760 x 0.04% = \_\_\_\_\_\_
A
  • 600.7 mmHg
  • 159.1 mmHg
  • 0.2 mmHg
37
Q

Henry’s Law:

A

gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to partial P
Also depends on specific fluid medium, temperature
Solubility in blood constant at given temperature

38
Q

Partial P gradient most important factor for

A

determining gas exchange

39
Q
  • Partial P gradient drives gas ____

- Without gradient, gases in equilibrium, no ____-

A
  • Diffusion

- Diffusion

40
Q

Atmospheric PO2 =

41
Q

Alveolar PO2 =

42
Q

Pulmonary artery PO2 =

43
Q

PO2 gradient across respiratory membrane: ____

Results in pulmonary vein PO2 ~100 mmHg

A

65 mmHg (105 mmHg – 40 mmHg)

44
Q

Fick’s Law:

A

rate of diffusion proportional to surface area and partial pressure gas gradient

45
Q

Ficks Law:
PO2 gradient: ___ mmHg
PCO2 gradient: __mmHg

46
Q

Diffusion constant influences diffusion rate:

  • Constant different for each gas
  • CO2 _____ diffusion constant than O2
  • CO2 diffuses _____ despite lower gradient
A
  • Lower

- easily

47
Q

O2 diffusion capacity
-O2 volume diffused per minute per 1 mmHg of gradient
-Note: gradient calculated from capillary mean PO2,
≈

48
Q

Resting O2 diffusion capacity

A
  • 21 mL O2/min/mmHg of gradient

- 231 mL O2/min for 11 mmHg gradient

49
Q

Maximal exercise O2 diffusion capacity

A
  • Venous O2 ↓↓ → PO2 bigger gradient

- Diffusion capacity ↑ by three times resting rate

50
Q

At rest, O2 diffusion capacity limited due to incomplete

A

lung perfusion

51
Q

At rest, O2 diffusion capacity limited due to incomplete lung perfusion

  • Only bottom ___ of lung perfused with blood
  • Top ____ lung surface area → poor gas exchange
52
Q

During exercise, O2 diffusion capacity ↑ due to more even _____

A

-lung perfusion

53
Q

During exercise, O2 diffusion capacity ↑ due to more even lung perfusion

  • Systemic blood pressure ↑ _____ top 2/3 perfusion
  • Gas exchange over full lung surface area
54
Q

Pulmonary artery PCO2

55
Q

Alveolar PCO2 ~

56
Q

6 mmHg PCO2 gradient permits diffusion

  • CO2 diffusion constant ___ times greater than O2
  • Allows diffusion despite lower gradient
57
Q

Oxygen Transport in Blood
Can carry ___ mL O2/___ mL blood

~__ L O2/__ L blood

> __% bound to hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells

A
  • 20 & 100
  • 1 & 5
  • 98%
  • 2%
58
Q

O2 + Hb:

A

oxyhemoglobin

59
Q

Hb alone:

A

deoxyhemoglobin

60
Q

High PO2 (i.e., in lungs)

  • Loading portion of O2-Hb dissociation curve
  • ____ change in Hb saturation per mmHg change in PO2
61
Q

Low PO2 (i.e., in body tissues)

  • Unloading portion of O2-Hb dissociation curve
  • ____ change in Hb saturation per mmHg change in PO2
62
Q

Blood pH

  • More acidic → O2-Hb curve shifts to ____
  • Bohr effect
  • More O2 unloaded at acidic exercising Muscle
A
  • Right

- Muscle

63
Q

Blood temperature

  • Warmer → O2-Hb curve shifts to ___
  • Promotes _____ O2 unloading during exercise
A
  • Right

- tissue

64
Q

Maximum amount of O2 blood can carry

  • Based on Hb content (___-___ g Hb/___ mL blood)
  • Hb __ to __% saturated at rest (0.75 s transit time)
  • Lower saturation with exercise (shorter transit time)
A
  • (12-18 g Hb/100 mL blood)
  • Hb 98 to 99% saturated at rest (0.75 s transit time)
  • Lower saturation with exercise (shorter transit time)
65
Q

Blood Oxygen-Carrying Capacity Depends on ___ ___ ____
1 g Hb binds ____ mL O2
Blood capacity: ___ to __ mL O2/100 mL blood
Anemia → ↓ Hb content → ↓ O2 capacity

A
  • blood Hb content
  • 1.34
  • 16 to 24
66
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood is released as ___ from cells

67
Q

Co2 is carried in blood three ways:

A
  • As bicarbonate ions
  • Dissolved in plasma
  • Bound to Hb (carbaminohemoglobin)
68
Q

Bicarbonate Ion Transports __ to __% of CO2 in blood to lungs

69
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport:
Bicarbonate Ion
-CO2 + water form carbonic acid (H2CO3)

  • Occurs in ______
  • Catalyzed by:
A
  • Red blood cells

- carbonic anhydrase

70
Q

Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+
H+ binds to Hb (buffer), triggers _____
Bicarbonate ion diffuses from red blood cells into __-

A
  • Bohr effect

- plasma

71
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport:
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide:
-__ to ___% of CO2 dissolved in plasma
-When PCO2 low (in lungs), CO2 comes out of solution, diffuses out into _____

A
  • 7 to 10

- alveoli

72
Q

Carbon Dioxide Transport:
Carbaminohemoglobin:
___ to ___% of CO2 transported bound to Hb

73
Q 
Carbon Dioxide Transport:
Carbaminohemoglobin:
>Does not compete with \_\_\_\_\_\_
-O2 binds to heme portion of Hb
-CO2 binds to protein (-globin) portion of Hb
A

O2-Hb binding

74
Q 
Carbon Dioxide Transport:
Carbaminohemoglobin: 
Hb state, PCO2 affect CO2-Hb \_\_\_\_\_
Deoxyhemoglobin binds \_\_\_ easier versus oxyhemoglobin
– ↑ PCO2 → easier CO2-Hb binding
– ↓ PCO2 → easier CO2-Hb dissociation
A
  • binding

- Co2

75
Q

Bicarbonate Ion: Transports __- to __% of CO2 in blood to lungs

76
Q

CO2 + water form _______ (H2CO3)
Occurs in ______
Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase

A
  • carbonic acid

- Red blood cells

77
Q

Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate

  • CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3- + H+
  • H+ binds to Hb (buffer), triggers ____ effect
  • Bicarbonate ion diffuses from red blood cells into _____
A
  • Bohr

- plasma

78
Q

during carbon dioxide transport __ to __% of CO2 dissolved in plasma

79
Q

When PCO2 low (in lungs), CO2 comes out of solution, diffuses into ___

A

alveoli to be exhaled

80
Q

during Carbaminohemoglobin

20 to 33% of CO2 transported bound to ___

81
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin does not compete with ____

  • O2 binds to heme portion of Hb
  • CO2 binds to protein (-globin) portion of Hb
A

-O2-Hb binding
O2 binds to heme portion of Hb
CO2 binds to protein (-globin) portion of Hb

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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