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exercise physiology > Ex Phys Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Ex Phys Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ system used electrical communication

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

____system uses chemical communication

A

Endocrine system

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3
Q

Target cells are also known as

A

hormone receptors

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4
Q

This system:

  • Controls substrate metabolism
  • Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance
A

Endocrine system

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5
Q

This hormone is derived from cholesterol

A

steroid hormones

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6
Q

This hormone is lipid soluble, and diffuses through cell membranes

A

steroid hormones

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7
Q

Steroid hormones are secreted by four major glands

A
  • Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
  • Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
  • Testes (testosterone)
  • Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)
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8
Q

-Adrenal cortex creates the hormone:

A

(cortisol, aldosterone)

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9
Q

-Ovaries creates the hormone:

A

(estrogen, progesterone)

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10
Q

-Testes creates the hormone:

A

(testosterone)

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11
Q

-Placenta creates the hormone:

A

(estrogen, progesterone)

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12
Q

this type of hormone is Not lipid soluble & cannot cross membranes

A

Nonsteroid Hormones

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13
Q

What are the two groups of non-steroid hormones?

A

Protein/peptide hormones
&
Amino acid-derived hormones

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14
Q

Most nonsteroid hormones

From the pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland are considered

A

Protein/peptide hormones

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15
Q 
Thyroid hormones (T3, T4)
Adrenal medulla hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
A

Amino acid-derived hormones

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16
Q

The term describing that hormones are secreted in bursts

A

pulsatile

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17
Q

what triggers of regulates hormone bursts?

A

?

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18
Q

What is the process called when ↓ number of receptors during high plasma concentration = desensitization

A

Downregulation

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19
Q

What is the process called when ↑ number of receptors during high plasma concentration = sensitization

A

Upregulation:

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20
Q

Hormones limit scope of their effects by using:

A

hormone-specific receptors

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21
Q

Hormone only affects tissues with

A

specific receptor

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22
Q

Hormone exerts effects after:

A

binding with receptor

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23
Q

Typical cell has:

A

2,000 to 10,000 receptors

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24
Q

The Hormone binds to receptor:

A

hormone–receptor complex

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25
Q

Lipid soluble steroids can

A

cross cell membranes

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26
Q

Hormone–receptor complex enters nucleus and then…

A

Binds to DNA, direct gene activation

Regulates mRNA synthesis, protein synthesis

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27
Q

Not lipid soluble cannot:

A

cross cell membrane

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28
Q

for Nonsteroid Hormone messages are sent through:

A

Receptors on the cell membrane (second messengers)

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29
Q

Second messengers do what?

A
  • Carry out hormone effects

- Intensify strength of hormone signal

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30
Q

some common second messengers consist of:

A
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
  • Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)
  • Inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG)
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31
Q

The third class of Hormones is:

A

Prostaglandins

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32
Q

Prostaglandins is derived from

A

arachidonic acid

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33
Q

this hormone acts as a local hormone in the immediate area. it’s involved in:

  • Inflammatory response (swelling, vasodilation)
  • Sensitize nociceptor free nerve endings (pain)
A

Prostaglandins

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34
Q

________ regulate physiological variables during exercise

A

hormones

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35
Q

Important exercise-related functions of endocrine glands & their hormones consist of:

A

-Regulation of metabolism & body fluids during exercise
&
-Regulation of appetite and food intake

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36
Q

the Major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation are:

A
  • Anterior pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
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37
Q

Hormones released by Anterior pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Pancreasglands affect metabolism of _______ and ______ during exercise

A

Carbohydrates & fat

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38
Q

Pituitary gland attached to

A

inferior hypothalamus

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39
Q

The Pituitary gland is divided into what 3 parts?

A

anterior, intermediate, posterior

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40
Q

What are the tasks of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Secretes hormones in response to hypothalamic hormone factors
  • Releases growth hormone (GH)
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41
Q

-GH release is proportional to

A

exercise intensity

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42
Q

Releasing growth hormone (GH) involves

A
  • Potent anabolic hormone
  • Builds tissues, organs
  • Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
  • Stimulates fat metabolism
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43
Q

The Thyroid gland secretes

A

triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)

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44
Q

T3 and T4 lead to increases in

A 
Metabolic rate of all tissues
-Protein synthesis
-Number and size of mitochondria
-Glucose uptake by cells
-Rate of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
-FFA mobilization
(continued)
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45
Q

Anterior pituitary releases

A

thyrotropin

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46
Q

thyrotropin is also known as

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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47
Q

Thyrotropin (TSH) Travels to thyroid, stimulates _____and ______

A

T3 & T4

48
Q

TSH levels are increased by______
Short term: T4 ↑ (delayed release)
Prolonged exercise: T4 constant, T3 ↓

A

exercise

49
Q

catecholamines is released by the

A

adrenal medulla

50
Q

catecholamines during fight or flight consist of

A

Epinephrine 80%, norepinephrine 20%

51
Q

Catecholamine release increases

A

-Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis, FFA
-Blood flow to skeletal muscle

(– ↑ Exercise → ↑ sympathetic nervous system →
↑ epinephrine and norepinephrine)

52
Q

The adrenal cortex releases

A

corticosteroids

53
Q

The corticosteroids released form the adrenal cortex consist of

A
  • Glucocorticoids

- Also, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

54
Q

A Major glucocorticoid is:

A

cortisol

55
Q

Cortisol is responsible for

A

– ↑ Gluconeogenesis
– ↑ FFA mobilization, protein catabolism
-Anti-inflammatory, anti-immune

56
Q

The pancreas is responsible for

A

raising and lowering blood glucose

57
Q

insulin is responsible for

A

lowering blood glucose level

58
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lowers blood glucose
Counters hyperglycemia, opposes glucagon
– ↑ Glucose transport into cells
– ↑ Synthesis of glycogen, protein, fat
– Inhibits gluconeogenesis
A

Insulin

59
Q

______ raises blood glucose

A

glucagon

60
Q

glucagon is responsible for

A

-Counters hypoglycemia, opposes insulin

– ↑ Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

61
Q

Glycogenolysis involves converting ____ to _____

A

(glycogen → glucose)

62
Q

Gluconeogenesis involves converting ___ and ___ to ____

A

(FFAs, protein → glucose)

63
Q

during Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism During Exercise glucose must

A

be available to tissues

64
Q

Adequate glucose during exercise requires:

A

Glucose release by liver

Glucose uptake by muscles

65
Q

Hormones that ↑ circulating glucose

A

Glucagon
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Cortisol

66
Q

Amount of glucose released from liver depends on:

A

exercise intensity, duration

67
Q

Circulating glucose during exercise also affected by

A

GH: ↑ FFA mobilization, ↓ cellular glucose uptake

T3, T4: ↑ glucose catabolism and fat metabolism

68
Q

regarding the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism: As exercise intensity increases

A

– Catecholamine release ↑
– Glycogenolysis rate ↑ (liver, muscles)
-Muscle glycogen used before liver glycogen

69
Q

regarding the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism: As exercise duration increases

A

–More liver glycogen utilized
– ↑ Muscle glucose uptake → ↑ liver glucose release
–As glycogen stores ↓, glucagon levels ↑

70
Q

FFA mobilization and fat metabolism critical to:

A

endurance exercise performance

71
Q

during endurance exercise performance:

  • when glycogen is depleted, need ______ ______ ______
  • In response, hormones accelerate fat breakdown (______)
A

fat energy substrates, lipolysis

72
Q

FFA mobilization and fat metabolism critical to

A

endurance exercise performance

73
Q

when glycogen is depleted the body utilizes

-In response, hormones accelerate fat breakdown (lipolysis)

A

fat energy substrates

74
Q

Triglycerides → ______ + _____

A

FFAs + glycerol

75
Q

Fat is stored as triglycerides in

A

adipose tissue

76
Q

____ is Broken down into FFAs and transported to muscle

A

triglycerides

77
Q

Rate of triglyceride breakdown into FFAs may determine rate of ____ _____ ____

A

cellular fat metabolism

78
Q

Lipolysis stimulated by what hormones?

A
  • (Decreased) insulin
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Cortisol
  • GH
79
Q

During exercise, plasma volume ↓, causing

A

– ↑ Hydrostatic pressure, tissue osmotic pressure
– ↓ Plasma water content via sweating
– ↓ blood pressure, ↑ Heart strain

80
Q

Hormones from the following areas correct fluid imbalances

A
  • Posterior pituitary gland
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Kidneys
81
Q

Posterior pituitary’s duties include

A

Secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin
Produced in hypothalamus, travels to posterior pituitary
Secreted upon neural signal from hypothalamus

82
Q

ADH is only involved with

A

exercise

83
Q

ADH involved in exercise

A

– ↑ Water reabsorption at kidneys

-Less water in urine, antidiuresis

84
Q

what is the Stimuli for ADH release

A

– ↓ Plasma volume = hemoconcentration = ↑ osmolality

– ↑ Osmolality stimulates osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

85
Q

when ADH released, it increases

A

water retention by kidneys

86
Q

ADH Minimizes water loss, therefore avoiding

A

severe dehydration

87
Q

Adrenal cortex
Secretes:______
Major mineralocorticoid: _______

A
  • mineralocorticoids

- aldosterone

88
Q 
Aldosterone effects
– ↑ \_\_\_ retention by kidneys
– ↑ \_\_\_ retention → ↑ water retention via osmosis
– ↑ \_\_\_ retention → ↑ K+ excretion
(continued)
A

Na+

89
Q

Stimuli for aldosterone release
– ↓ ____
– ↓ Blood ____, blood _____
– ↑ ______ k+

A
  • Plasma Na+
  • blood volume & blood pressure
  • Plasma K+
90
Q

Aldosterone release is indirectly stimulated by ↓ ________ & ↓________ in kidneys

A
  • blood volume

- blood pressure

91
Q

during Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: Kidneys

  • Target tissue for____ & _____
  • Secrete _____, & ________
A

ADH, aldosterone

erythropoietin (EPO), renin

92
Q

during Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: Kidneys

Stimulus for RENIN (enzyme) release

A
  • ↓ Blood volume, ↓ blood pressure

- Sympathetic nervous system impulses

93
Q

during Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes: Kidneys

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

A
  • Renin: converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
  • ACE: converts angiotensin I → angiotensin II
  • Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release
94
Q

_____ is the:

  • Ionic concentration of dissolved particles (proteins, ions, etc.) in body fluid compartments
  • Normal value: ~300 mOsm/kg
A

osmolality

95
Q

Osmolality and osmosis:
-If compartment osmolality ↑, water drawn ____
-If compartment osmolality ↓, water drawn ____
(continued)

A
  • In

- Out

96
Q

when considering aldosterone and osmosis:

increase in Na+ retention would increase

A

osmolality

97
Q

an increase in osmolality would cause an increase in

A

water retention

98
Q

when considering Aldosterone and osmosis:

-where Na+ moves, ____ flows

A

water

99
Q

Osmotic water movement minimizes loss of ____ volume, maintains _____ pressure

A

plasma, blood

100
Q

ADH, aldosterone effects persist for ___ to

___ hours after exercise

A

12-48

101
Q

Prolonged Na+ retention → abnormally high [Na+] after exercise

  • Water follows ___
  • Prolonged rehydration effects
A

Na+

102
Q

______ is appetite control center of brain

A

Hypothalamus

103
Q

Hypothalamus:

Satiety center is located in:

A

ventromedial nucleus

104
Q

Hunger center is in the lateral

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

GI tract releases hormones that affect:

A

hunger signals

106
Q

______(CCK): stimulated when stomach is full; decreases appetite

A

Cholecyctokinin

107
Q

________: released in small intestine; decreases appetite

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

108
Q

______released in small intestine; decreases appetite

A

Peptide YY (PYY):

109
Q

_____increases appetite

A

Ghrelin

110
Q

Adipose is an _____ organ

A

endocrine

111
Q

Leptin released from adipose stores reduces

A

hunger

112
Q

Leptin and ghrelin act in _____ ways

A

opposing

113
Q

Obese people have higher but resistant to effects

A

leptin

114
Q

Exercise affects ____ and _____ hormones

A

Hunger & Satiety

115
Q

Acute, vigorous exercise (aerobic) increases ____ and ___, reducing hunger

A

PPY & GLP-1

116
Q

Appetite and satiety hormones are sensitive to the total energy balance that is modulated by ________

A

regular exercise

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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