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exercise physiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

The Cardiovascular Responses

to Acute Exercise is:

A

Increases blood flow to working muscle

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2
Q

The Cardiovascular Responses
to Acute Exercise is:
-Involves altered heart function, peripheral circulatory adaptations to:

A
  • Heart rate
  • Stroke volume
  • Cardiac output
  • Blood pressure
  • Blood flow
  • Blood
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3
Q

The resting heart rate (rhr)
untrained rhr:
trained: rhr:

A

60-80

30-40

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4
Q

Resting heart rate is Affected by

A

neural tone, temperature, altitude

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5
Q

Anticipatory response:
HR ↑ above RHR just before start of exercise
-________ ↓
-_______&, ______ ↑

A
  • Vagal Tone

- Norepinephrine, epinephrine

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6
Q

Heart Rate During Exercise is Directly _____ to exercise intensity

A

proportional

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7
Q

Maximum HR (HRmax): highest HR achieved in ]

A

all-out effort to volitional fatigue

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8
Q

Maximum Heart rate (hr max)

  • Highly reproducible
  • Declines slightly with age
  • Estimated HRmax = _____ – age in years
  • Better estimated HRmax = ___– (0.7 x age in years)
A
  • 220

- 208

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9
Q

Steady-state HR: point of plateau, :

A

optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity

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10
Q

Steady-state HR:

  • If intensity ↑, so does _____
  • Adjustment to new intensity takes __to__ min
  • The more intense, the longer to
A
  • steady-state HR
  • 2-3
  • achieve
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11
Q

Steady-state HR basis for simple exercise tests that estimate

A

aerobic fitness and HRmax

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12
Q

Stroke Volume (SV) ↑ With ↑ intensity up to __ to ___% V•O2max

  • Beyond this, SV plateaus to ____
  • Possible exception: elite endurance athletes
A
  • 40-60

- exhaustion

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13
Q

SV during maximal exercise ≈ double

A

standing SV

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14
Q

SV during maximal exercise only slightly higher than

A

supine sv

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15
Q

Supine EDV > ______

A

standing EDV

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16
Q

Factors That Increase Stroke Volume:

A
  • ↑ Preload:
  • ↑ Contractility:
  • ↓ Afterload:
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17
Q

↑ Preload: end-diastolic ventricular stretch
– ↑ Volume of ______returned to heart
– ↑ Stretch (i.e., ↑ EDV) → ↑ contraction strength
Frank-Starling mechanism

A

venous blood

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18
Q

↑ Contractility: inherent ventricle property
– _________ or ________→ ↑ contractility
Independent of EDV (↑ ejection fraction instead)

A

↑ Norepinephrine or epinephrine

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19
Q

↑ Preload at lower intensities → ↑ SV

– ↑ Venous return → ↑ EDV → ↑ _____

A

-preload

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20
Q

Increase in HR → ↓ filling time → slight ↓ in EDV → ↓ _____

A

Stroke Volume SV

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21
Q

↑ ________ at higher intensities → ↑ SV

A

Contractility

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22
Q

↓ Afterload via vasodilation → ↑ _______

A

SV

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23
Q

Q=

A

HR x SV

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24
Q

↑ With ↑ intensity, plateaus near

A

V•O2max

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25
Q

Normal values of cardiac output:
Resting Q• ~__ L/min
Untrained Q•max ~__ L/min
Trained Q•max __ L/min

A
  • 5
  • 20
  • 40
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26
Q

Q•max a function of

A

body size and aerobic fitness

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27
Q

Calculation of tissue O2 consumption depends on blood flow, O2 extraction

V•O2 =

A

V•O2 = Q• x (a-v- )O2 difference

V•O2 = HR x SV x (a-v- )O2 difference

28
Q

During endurance exercise, mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases

  • Systolic BP ↑ proportional to _____
  • Diastolic BP slight ↓ or slight ↑ (at max exercise)
A

-exercise intensity

29
Q

MAP = Q• x ______

A

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

30
Q

MAP = Q• x total peripheral resistance (TPR)
-Increased MAP from increased Q• helps to increase blood flow
-During prolonged steady-state endurance exercise, MAP due to TPR ↓ slightly
-Vasoconstriction blunted by
______

A

-sympatholysis

31
Q

Rate-pressure product =

A

HR x SBP

32
Q

Resistance exercise → _________
Up to 480/350 mmHg
More common when using Valsalva maneuver

A

periodic large increases in MAP

33
Q

↑ Cardiac output → ↑ ______

A

available blood flow

34
Q

Blood Flow Redistribution Must redirect ↑ blood flow to

A

areas with greatest metabolic need (exercising muscle)

35
Q

Sympathetic vasoconstriction shunts blood away from ______

  • Splanchnic circulation (liver, -pancreas, GI)
  • Kidneys
A

less-active regions

36
Q

Local vasodilation permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle

  • Local VD triggered by metabolic, endothelial products
  • Sympathetic vasoconstriction in muscle offset by _______
  • Local VD > neural VC
A

-sympatholysis

37
Q

As temperature rises, skin VD also occurs
– ↓ Sympathetic VC, ↑______
Permits heat loss through skin

A

sympathetic VD

38
Q

Cardiovascular Drift is Associated with

A

↑ core temperature and dehydration

39
Q

SV drifts ↓
Skin blood flow ___
Plasma volume ↓ (sweating)
Venous return/preload ↓

A

↑

40
Q

during cardiovascular drift:

HR drifts _ to compensate (Q• maintained)

A

↑

41
Q

(a-v- )O2 difference (mL O2 / 100 mL blood)

  • Arterial O2 content – mixed venous O2 content
  • Resting: ~___ mL O2 / 100 mL blood
  • Max exercise: ~___ to __ mL O2/100 mL blood
A
  • 6

- 16-17

42
Q

Mixed venous O2 ≥___ mL O2 / 100 mL blood

  • Venous O2 from active muscle ____
  • Venous O2 from inactive tissue > active muscle
  • Increases mixed ______
A

4
~0 mL
venous O2 content

43
Q

↓ Plasma volume → hemoconcentration
Fluid percent of blood ____, cell percent of blood ____
Hematocrit increases up to __% or beyond

A

decrease, increase

50

44
Q

Net effects of hemoconcentration

A
  • Red blood cell concentration ↑
  • Hemoglobin concentration ↑
  • O2-carrying capacity ↑
45
Q

Cardiovascular responses to exercise complex, fast, and finely tuned

  • First priority: maintenance of ________
  • —Blood flow can be maintained only as long as BP remains _____
  • —Prioritized before other needs (exercise, thermoregulatory, etc.)
A
  • blood pressure

- Stable

46
Q

Immediate ↑ in ventilation

  • Begins before ____
  • Anticipatory response from ______
A
  • muscle contractions

- central command

47
Q

Gradual second phase of ↑ in ventilation
-Driven by _______
– ↑ CO2, H+ sensed by ______

A
  • chemical changes in arterial blood

- chemoreceptors

48
Q

Ventilation increase proportional to ______
At low-exercise intensity, only _______↑
At high-exercise intensity, _____ also ↑

A
  • metabolic needs of muscle
  • Tidal Volume
  • Rate
49
Q

Ventilation recovery after exercise delayed

  • Recovery takes several ______
  • May be regulated by _______
A
  • minutes

- blood pH, PCO2, temperature

50
Q

Dyspnea (shortness of breath)

  • Common with poor aerobic fitness
  • Caused by inability to adjust to high_______
  • Also, fatigue in ______
A
  • blood PCO2, H+

- respiratory muscles

51
Q

Hyperventilation (excessive ventilation)
-Anticipation or anxiety about exercise
– ↑ PCO2 gradient between alveoli (___ mmHg), blood (__ mmHg)
– ↓ Blood PCO2 → ↑ blood pH → ↓ drive to breathe

A

-40 & 15

52
Q

Valsalva maneuver: potentially dangerous but accompanies certain types of exercise
- Closed ____
– ↑ ______ P (bearing down)
– ↑ _______P (contracting breathing muscles)

A
  • glottis
  • Intra-abdominal
  • Intrathoracic
53
Q

Valsalva maneuver:

High pressures collapse great veins → ↓

A

venous return → ↓ Q• → ↓ arterial blood pressure

54
Q

Ventilation matches:

A

metabolic rate

55
Q

Ventilatory equivalent for O2

  • V•E/V•O2 (_____________)
  • Index for control of breathing properly matched to _________
A
  • (L air breathed / L O2 consumed / min)

- to body’s demand for oxygen

56
Q

Ventilatory threshold is the:

-Associated with lactate threshold and ↑ PCO2

A

Point where L air breathed > L O2 consumed (50% to 75% VO2 max)

57
Q

Ventilation normally not limiting factor

  • Respiratory muscles account for __% of V•O2, __% of Q• during heavy exercise
  • Respiratory muscles very______
A
  • 10
  • 15
  • fatigue resistant
58
Q

Airway resistance and gas diffusion normally not

A

limiting factors in normal, healthy individuals exercising at sea level

59
Q

Restrictive or obstructive respiratory disorders can

A

limit performance in patients

60
Q

Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) by ________ (40%-50% of elite endurance athletes)

-High Q•, high rate of blood flow through lungs, not sufficient time for saturation with oxygen

A

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

61
Q

Metabolic processes produce H+ → ↓ ___

A

ph

62
Q

H+ + buffer →

A

H-buffer

63
Q

At rest, body slightly alkaline
7.1 to 7.4
Higher pH =

A

alkalosis

64
Q

During exercise, body slightly acidic
6.6 to 6.9
Lower pH =

A

acidosis

65
Q

Physiological mechanisms to control pH
-Chemical buffers: _______, ____, ______, _______
– ↑ Ventilation helps H+ bind to _______
-Kidneys remove H+ from ____, excrete H+

A
  • bicarbonate, phosphates, proteins, hemoglobin
  • bicarbonate
  • buffers
66
Q

Active recovery facilitates pH recovery
Passive recovery: __ to __ min
Active recovery: __ to __ min

A
  • 60-120

- 30-60

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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