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exercise physiology > Ex phys chapter 6 > Flashcards

Ex phys chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The Major functions of the ____ system are

  • Delivers O2, nutrients
  • Removes CO2, other waste
  • Transports hormones, other molecules
  • Temperature balance and fluid regulation
  • Acid–base balance
  • Immune function
A

Cardiovascular system

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2
Q

Name the 3 major circulatory system elements in the body

A
  1. Heart (the pump)
  2. Blood vessels (tubes and channels)
  3. Blood (fluid medium)
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3
Q

The heart Generates pressure to

A

drive blood through vessels

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4
Q

Blood flow must meet

A

metabolic demands

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5
Q

The 4 chambers of the heart are

A
  • Right and left atria (RA, LA): top, receiving chambers

- Right and left ventricles (RV, LV): bottom, pumping chambers

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6
Q

the membrane enclosing the heart, consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner double layer of serous membrane is the

A

pericardium

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7
Q

The _________ is the potential space formed between the two layers of serous pericardium around the heart. Normally, it contains a small amount of serous fluid that acts to reduce surface tension and lubricate.

A

pericardial cavity

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8
Q

______is the serous fluid secreted by the serous layer of the pericardium into the pericardial cavity

A

Pericardial fluid

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9
Q

Which half of the heart carries out the following tasks:

  • Pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs
  • Superior, inferior vena cava → RA → tricuspid valve → RV → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs
A

Right Heart: pulmonary circulation

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10
Q

Which half of the heart carries out the following tasks?

  • Pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body
  • Lungs → pulmonary veins → LA → mitral valve → LV → aortic valve → aorta
A

Left Heart: systemic circulation

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11
Q

What is cardiac muscle called?

A

Myocardium

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12
Q

_____ has most myocardium

A

Left Ventricle

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13
Q

_____ -Must pump blood to entire body

  • Thickest walls (hypertrophy)
  • ____ hypertrophies with exercise and with disease
  • But exercise adaptations versus disease adaptations very different
A

left ventricle

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14
Q

Myocardium is only 1 type fo muscle fiber and it’s similar to type ____

A

1

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15
Q

_______ is

  • High capillary density
  • High number of mitochondria
  • Striated
A

Myocardium

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16
Q

_________ hold cells together

A

desmosomes

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17
Q

_______ rapidly conduct action potentials

A

Gap junctions

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18
Q

________ ________ cells

  • Large, long, unbranched, multinucleated
  • Intermittent, voluntary contractions
  • Ca2+ released from SR
A

Skeletal muscle

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19
Q

_____ cells

  • Small, short, branched, one nucleus
  • Continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
  • Calcium-induced calcium release
A

Myocardial

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20
Q

Right coronary artery

  • Supplies ________
  • Divides into _______ & ______
A
  • right side of heart

- marginal, posterior inter-ventricular

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21
Q

Left (main) coronary artery

  • Supplies ________
  • Divides into _____ & _______
A
  • left side of heart

- circumflex, anterior descending

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis →

A

coronary artery disease

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23
Q

___ ___ is when special heart cells generate and spread electrical signal

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity:

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24
Q

The following all help carry out:

  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • AV bundle (bundle of His)
  • Purkinje fibers
A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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25
Q

Electrical signal spreads via

A

gap junctions

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26
Q

The Intrinsic heart rate (HR): is

A

100 beats/min

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27
Q

____ : initiates contraction signal

  • Pacemaker cells in upper posterior RA wall
  • Signal spreads from SA node via RA/LA to AV node
  • Stimulates RA, LA contraction
A

SA node

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28
Q

_____ : delays, relays signal to ventricles

  • In RA wall near center of heart
  • Delay allows RA, LA to contract before RV, LV
  • Relays signal to AV bundle after delay
A

AV node

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29
Q

______ : relays signal to RV, LV

  • Travels along inter ventricular septum
  • Divides into right and left bundle branches
  • Sends signal toward apex of heart
A

AV bundle

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30
Q

_____ : send signal into RV, LV

  • Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches
  • Spread throughout entire ventricle wall
  • Stimulate RV, LV contraction
A

Purkinje fibers:

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31
Q

when the Heart initiates its own electrical impulses:

A

intrinsic control

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32
Q

HR and force of contraction altered by extrinsic systems:

A

Parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Endocrine system (hormones)

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33
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System Originated from the ____ and reaches heart via

A

brain stem

vagus nerve

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34
Q

vagus nerve is also known as the

A

(cranial nerve X)

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35
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System carries impulses to the ___ & ___ nodes

A

SA, AV

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36
Q

When Parasympathetic Nervous System carries impulses to the SA & AV nodes:

  • Releases ________, hyperpolarizes cells, slows spontaneous depolarization
  • Decreases ___ & force of contraction
A

acetylcholine, Heart rate

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37
Q

parasympathetic nervous system decreases HR below intrinsic HR.

  • Intrinsic HR: ___ beats/min
  • Normal resting HR (RHR): ___ to __beats/min
  • Elite endurance athlete: ___beats/min
A
  • 100
  • 60-80
  • 35
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38
Q

the sympathetic nervous system has opposite affects of the

A

parasympathetic system

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39
Q

When the sympathetic Nervous system Carries impulses to SA, AV nodes:

  • Releases ______, facilitates depolarization
  • Increases __, force of contraction
  • Endocrine system can have similar effect (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
A
  • norepinephrine

- HR

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40
Q

when the sympathetic nervous system Increases HR above intrinsic HR:
Determines ___ during physical, emotional stress
Maximum possible HR: ___beats/min

A
  • HR

- 250

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41
Q

Electrocardiogram is a recording of

A

hearts electrical activity

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42
Q

electrocardiogram is a Diagnostic tool for

A

coronary artery disease

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43
Q

What are the 3 phases of electrical activity?

A
  • P wave: atrial depolarization
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization
  • T wave: ventricular repolarization
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44
Q

___ is the All mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat

A

Cardiac Cycle

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45
Q

relaxation phase of heart:

  • Chambers fill with blood
  • Twice as long as systolic phase
A

Diastole:

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46
Q

contraction phase:

A

Systole:

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47
Q

1/3 of cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular systole

48
Q

Relaxation begins

  • Ventricular pressure drops
  • ______ valves close
  • Atrioventricular valves open
  • Fill 70% passively, 30% by atrial contraction
  • At end, blood in ventricle = _____ _____ _____ (EDV)
A
  • Semilunar

- end-diastolic volume

49
Q

Stroke volume (SV):

A

volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

50
Q

Stroke volume (SV): volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

  • During _______, most (not all) blood ejected
  • EDV – ESV = ___
  • 100 mL – 40 mL = ___ml
A
  • Systole
  • SV
  • 60 ml
51
Q

Ejection fraction (EF):

A

percent of EDV pumped

52
Q 
Ejection fraction (EF): percent of EDV pumped
SV / EDV = \_\_\_
60 mL/100 mL = 0.6 = 60%
Clinical index of heart contractile function
A

-EF

53
Q

Cardiac output:

A

Total Volume of blood pumped per minute

54
Q

(Q•) represents

A

cardiac output

55
Q

Q• = HR x ____
RHR ~___beats/min, standing SV ~70 mL/beat
70 beats/min x 70 mL/beat = 4,900 mL/min
Use L/min (4.9 L/min)

A
  • Stroke Volume

- 70

56
Q

resting cardio output is ____ to ____ L/min

A

4.2-5.6

57
Q

average total blood volume is

A

~5 L

58
Q

Total blood volume circulates once every ______

A

minute

59
Q

_____carry blood away from heart

A

Arteries:

60
Q

______ control blood flow, feed capillaries

A

arterioles:

61
Q

______ site of nutrient and waste exchange

A

Capillaries:

62
Q

______ collect blood from capillaries

A

Venules:

63
Q

_____ carry blood from venules back to heart

A

Veins:

64
Q

___ ______ (_____)

  • Highest pressure in artery (during systole)
  • Top number, ~110 to 120 mmHg
A

Systolic pressure (SBP)

65
Q

______ ______ (______)
Lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)
Bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg

A

Diastolic pressure (DBP)

66
Q

______ ______ _____ (____)
Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle
MAP ≈ 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP –
120/80 mmHg – MAP = 93mmHG

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

67
Q

____ ____ is required by all tissues

A

blood flow

68
Q

______: force that drives blood flow

A

pressure

69
Q

pressure is:
-Provided by ____ contraction
-Blood flows from region of high pressure (_______) to region of low pressure (_______)
-Pressure gradient = MAP 100 mmHg in aorta – 0 mmHg in RA = 100 mmHg
Re

A
  • heart
  • LV, arteries
  • veins, RA
70
Q

______ force that opposes blood flow

A

Resistance:

71
Q

easiest way to change flow is to

A

change vascular resistance

72
Q

vascular resistance changes can be made through

A
  • Vasoconstriction (VC)
  • Vasodilation (VD)
  • Diverts blood to regions most in need
73
Q

_______ are resistance vessels

A

arterioles

74
Q

Arterioles: resistance vessels

  • Control systemic ______
  • Site of most potent ____ &____
  • Responsible for ____ to ____% of MAP drop from LV to RA across entire CVS
A
  • resistance
  • \VC and VD
  • 70 to 80%
75
Q

Blood flow =

A

ΔP/R

76
Q

ΔP

A
  • Pressure gradient that drives flow

- Change in P between LV/aorta and vena cava/RA

77
Q

in the equation Blood flow = ΔP/R:

R=

A

Small changes in arteriole radius affect R

VC, VD

78
Q

in the distribution of blood, blood flows to where:

A

it’s needed most

79
Q

When blood flows to where it’s needed most its:

  • Often, regions of ↑ _______ → ↑ blood flow
  • Other examples: blood flow changes after eating, in the ____
A
  • metabolism

- heat

80
Q

at rest Q=

A

5L/m

81
Q

When at rest kidneys receive ___% of Q and skeletal muscles receive __% of Q

A
  • 50%

- 20%

82
Q

During heavy exercise Q• =

A

25 L/min

83
Q

Exercising muscles receive ____ % of Q• via VD

A

80

84
Q

During heavy exercise;

Flow to liver, kidneys _____ via VC

A

decreases

85
Q

Intrinsic Control of Blood Flow is defined as:

A

Ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them

86
Q

The purpose of intrinsic blood flow is to

A

alter regional flow depending on need

87
Q

the three types of intrinsic control are:

A
  • Metabolic
  • Endothelial
  • Myogenic
88
Q

Metabolic mechanisms (VD)

A

-Buildup of local metabolic by-products
– ↓ O2
– ↑ CO2, K+, H+, lactic acid

89
Q

Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD)

A
  • Substances secreted by vascular endothelium

- Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, EDHF

90
Q

Myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD)

A

-Local pressure changes can cause VC, VD

– ↑ P → ↑ VC, ↓ P → ↑ VD

91
Q

Extrinsic neural control of blood flow:

A
  • Upstream of local, intrinsic control

- Redistribution of flow at organ, system level

92
Q

Sympathetic nervous system innervates smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles

-Baseline sympathetic activity → vasomotor tone
– ↑ Sympathetic activity → ↑ __
– ↓ Sympathetic activity → ↓ __ (passive VD)

A

VC

93
Q

At rest, veins contain ____ blood volume

A

2/3

94
Q

At rest, veins contain 2/3 blood volume

  • High _____ to hold blood -volume
  • Elastic, balloon-like vessel walls
  • Serve as blood ____
A
  • capacity

- reservoir

95
Q

Venous reservoir can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries through

A
  • Sympathetic stimulation

- Venoconstriction

96
Q

the blood volume distribution at rest:

A
  • 13% arteries
  • 7% heart
  • 7% arterioles and capillaries
  • 64% veins
  • 9% pulmonary
97
Q

Integrative Control of Blood Pressure:

A

Blood pressure maintained by autonomic reflexes

98
Q

Baroreceptors:

  • Sensitive to changes in arterial ____
  • Afferent signals from baroreceptor to ____
  • Efferent signals from ____ to heart, vessels
  • Adjust arterial pressure back to _____
A
  • pressure
  • brain
  • brain
  • normal
99
Q

Upright posture makes venous return to heart more

A

difficult

100
Q

Three mechanisms assist venous return

A
  • One-way venous valves
  • Muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
101
Q

3 major functions of Blood

A
  • Transportation (O2, nutrients, waste)
  • Temperature regulation
  • Acid–base (pH) balance
102
Q

Blood volume: _ to _ L in men, - to - L in women

A
  • 5-6

- 4-5

103
Q

Whole blood = _____ + ______

A

plasma + formed elements

104
Q

Plasma ___ to ___% of blood volume

A

55-60%

105
Q

plasma:

  • Can _____ by 10% with -dehydration in the heat
  • Can ______ by 10% with training, heat acclimation
  • 90% water, 7% protein, 3% nutrients/ions/etc.
A
  • decrease

- Increase

106
Q

Formed elements

  • Red blood cells (_____ 99%)
  • White blood cells (_______:
A
  • erythrocytes
  • leukocytes
  • Platelets
107
Q

Formed elements make up ___to __% of blood

A

(40-45% of blood volume)

108
Q

Hematocrit =

A

total percent of volume composed of formed elements

109
Q

red blood cells without a nucleus:

A

cannot reproduce

110
Q

Red Blood Cells:

  • Replaced regularly via:_____
  • Life span ~ __ months
  • Produced and destroyed at equal rates
A
  • hematopoiesis

- 4

111
Q

Hemoglobin:

A

-Oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells

4 O2 / hemoglobin

112
Q

Hemoglobin
-Oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells
(___ O2 / hemoglobin)
-Heme (pigment, iron, O2) + globin (protein)
-250 million hemoglobin/red blood cells
-Oxygen-carrying capacity: ___ mL O2 / 100 mL blood

A
  • 4

- 20

113
Q

Blood Viscosity:

A

Thickness of blood due to red blood cells

114
Q

Blood viscosity:

  • Thickness of blood (due to red blood cells)
  • Twice as viscous as _____
  • Viscosity ↑ as _______ ↑
A
  • water

- hematocrit

115
Q
  • Plasma volume must ↑ as red blood cells ↑
  • –Occurs in athletes after____ , acclimation
  • –_______ and viscosity remain stable
  • –Otherwise, blood flow or O2 transport may _____
A
  • training
  • hematocrit
  • suffer

exercise physiology (18 decks)

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