Exam questions Stuvia 1 Flashcards
H1: Dr. Goldheim is conducting research into the normal developmental milestones of toddlers. Which
of the following is a major issue that applies to this age period?
a. guided self-regulation
b. formation of an effective attachment
c. individuation
d. developing a sense of competence
A.
In addition to guided self-regulation, other issues include increased autonomy, increased
awareness of the self and others, awareness of standards for behavior, and self-conscious emotions
H1: A discussion of global prevalence of mental illness and the allocation of resources for dealing with
these issues requires careful consideration of how ________ models influence thinking in these
areas.
a. socialist
b. traditional
c. outdated
d. Western
D.
Global perspectives require careful thinking about Western models of development, disorder
and intervention, and the vastly different experiences of children who live in resource-rich versus
resource-poor countries.
H1: The frequencies and patterns of distributions of disorders in infants, children, and adolescents are
the major focus of ________.
a. behavioral neuroscience
b. psychopathological prevalence studies
c. developmental epidemiology
d. social psychopathology
C.
Developmental epidemiology examines both the incidence and prevalence of such conditions
across a population.
H1: Dr. Matthews believes that the best way to consider the psychological disorders that may afflict
children is to do so by thinking about the conditions within the context of typical development. This
allows him to compare typical functioning to atypical behaviors. This is the basis of _________
psychopathology.
a. developmental
b. pediatric
c. constructivistic
d. individualistic
A.
Developmental psychopathology also recognizes that typical development can include everyday
problems and difficult phases, which must be distinguished from true psychological disorders.
H1: With sociocultural definitions of what is considered typical or atypical at a given time or place,
what becomes the very basis of definitions of psychological disorders?
a. value judgments
b. statistical standards
c. mental health standards
d. gender and sexual norms
A.
As an example of this point, whether casual use of mind-altering substances is tolerated or
condemned by a particular sociocultural group influences conceptualizations of pathological
addiction.
H1: Professor Chung is interested in knowing how many cases of pediatric schizophrenia have emerged
in the last twelve months. His research is examining the ________ of this condition.
a. epidemiology
b. incidence
c. prognosis
d. prevalence
B.
Incidence refers to the rate at which new cases arise (i.e., all new cases in a given time period).
H1: Miguel is 11 years old. Recently he has been having emotional symptoms that are affecting his
peer relationships, causing problems with his school work, and have caused him to lose interest in
after-school activities. Miguel’s experience depicts an atypical situation according to the ________
perspective.
a. sociocultural norm
b. statistical deviance
c. mental health
d. adequate adaptation
C.
The mental health perspective prioritizes a child’s psychological well-being.
H1: Which of the following might present a problem when using the statistical deviance perspective in
determining what is typical for a child?
a. Not everything that is statistically deviant is indicative of a disorder.
b. Most children who experience deviant symptoms are aware of their struggles, and will
try to hide them.
c. There are too many universal cultural standards of what is or is not deviant.
d. Parents become aware of such statistical norms and try to “mold” their children into
these behavior trends
A.
It is important to remember that “abnormal” or “atypical” does not necessarily mean that a disorder is occurring.
H1: Stuart and Erin are concerned that their nine-year-old son, William, is obese. They decide to enroll
him in a local program that focuses on reducing childhood obesity through eating interventions,
exercise programs, and health education. Stuart tells the director, “I’m concerned that this program
will make William feel bad about himself for being overweight.” Stuart is concerned about which
concept?
a. stigmatization
b. traumatization
c. prevalence
d. epidemiology
A.
Stigmatization is the attachment of negative values to a condition that can lead to ridicule and embarrassment.
H1: Which of the following is not a dimension along which the sociocultural norm perspective
considers what is typical or atypical behavior in children?
a. gender-specific expectations
b. age-related expectations
c. culture-relevant expectations
d. socioeconomic-specific expectations
D.
Socioeconomic status is not a major determining factor in determining normal versus abnormal behavior.
H2: Dr. Dayton believes that 11-year old Amanda’s psychological struggles began in her early
childhood, and that as she grows and develops her troubles will also mature and change. Dr. Dayton
is a proponent of the modern version of the ________ perspective in developmental
psychopathology.
a. psychodynamic
b. sociocultural
c. humanistic
d. behavioral
A.
Modern psychodynamic theorists emphasize, among other points, a developmental perspective
focused on the origins of typical and atypical personality in early childhood and the constantly
changing psychological challenges faced by children as they age.
H2: What is the primary reason for noting that families have a special impact on both typical and
atypical development in children?
a. A family is obligated to care for a child due to cultural considerations.
b. A family provides the socioeconomic level in which a child will be raised.
c. The family provides the first context for a child’s experiences.
d. A family provides the religious and spiritual foundation on which a child’s ethics will
develop.
C.
While many of these answers are accurate, the fact that the family provides a child’s first
context for development is the best response.
H2: The modern study of positive psychology is a direct outcome of which earlier theoretical
perspective?
a. the psychodynamic paradigm
b. the humanistic approach
c. the cognitive-behavioral model
d. sociocultural theory
B.
The humanistic models are related to more recent discussions of the self, wellness and positive
psychology.
H2: Dr. Prescott believes that young Jorge’s social anxiety comes from the fact that his older brother
suffers from similar symptoms. “It is clear that Jorge has acquired these symptoms by watching his
brother, and is now emulating these behaviors,” the doctor tells Jorge’s parents. Dr. Prescott believes
that the child’s symptoms have developed as a result of ________.
a. observational learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. ego defense mechanisms
A.
These theories propose that both typical and atypical behaviors are gradually acquired via
processes of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational
learning processes.
H2: Which of the following would NOT be found in a discussion of how psychopathology develops from
a physiological model?
a. genetic contributions
b. cultural influences
c. structural impacts
d. chemical changes
B.
Physiological models propose that there is a genetic, structural, biological, or chemical basis for
all psychological processes and events.
H2: Robert and Ben were both born in the 1950s. They lived through a period of intense civil rights
struggle, experienced the assassination of a president, and the economic impact of the Arab oil
embargo. Robert and Ben are part of the same birth ________.
a. order
b. cohort
c. paradigm
d. structure
B.
A birth cohort includes individuals born in a particular historical period who share key
experiences and events.
H2: If you want to write a paper that examines the careers and writings of two of the primary
proponents of the humanistic model, who would you research?
a. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
b. Fritz Perls and Heinz Kohut
c. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
d. John Watson and B.F. Skinner
A.
Humanistic models, including those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasized
personally meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the child’s purposeful
creation of a self
H2: Dr. Patel believes that the children who come to her clinical practice either “do” or “do not” qualify
for a diagnosis of psychopathology. She assesses their symptoms and evaluates whether they are
suffering from a diagnosable psychology disorder. Dr. Patel operates from a(n) ________ model of
psychopathology.
a. psychometric
b. dimensional
c. categorical
d. attributional
C.
Categorical models of psychopathology emphasize discrete and qualitative differences in
individual patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior.
H2: Which of the following terms best summarizes the concept of neural plasticity in the human brain?
a. concrete
b. changeable
c. formalized
d. segmented
B.
Neural plasticity involves the development and modification of neural circuits, with nowconclusive evidence that both positive and negative experiences can influence the wiring of the
brain.
H2: Behavioral models of psychopathology emphasize:
a. observable behavior within a specific environment.
b. the unconscious conflicts left over from one’s earlier years.
c. finding a level of comfort and acceptance with one’s true self-concept.
d. unrealistic or irrational ways of thinking about a given situation.
A.
In contrast to the inward orientation of the physiological and psychodynamic models, the
behavioral models have an outward orientation, focusing on the individual’s observable behavior
within a specific environment.
H3: Nine-year-old Jonah has been training to run a 5k race with his father Ken, but he was
unexpectedly hospitalized with an illness. His physician has ordered a minimum of eight weeks of
rest. Ken talks with him about how he can stay in shape during the recovery period and running a
different race later in the year. Ken is working on ________ a developmental trajectory with Jonah.
a. controlling
b. initiating
c. mediating
d. discontinuing
C.
Mediating trajectories (or pathways) involves adjusting to deal with unexpected changes or
stressful circumstances that can change the course of what was expected to happen.
H3: Mrs. Edmondson is a third grade teacher. She has worked in this position for 14 years, and is
regarded as one of the most effective teachers on the faculty. Students love her, parents rave about
her, and the administration has approached her about being the new school principle. Mrs.
Edmondson functions effectively in this environment, demonstrating a high level of ________.
a. competence
b. continuity
c. discontinuity
d. incompetence
A.
Competence, within the framework of developmental psychopathology, reflects effective
functioning in important environments.
H3: When a group of children begin a scavenger hunt, they may all start at the same place but each
end up at different destinations. This exemplifies the concept of ________.
a. developmental psychopathology
b. multifinality
c. equifinality
d. mediating trajectories
B.
Multifinality is best understood as sets of similar beginnings that lead to different outcomes.
H3: Jorge is nine years old and is currently a victim of child maltreatment. According to the text, who is
most likely to be perpetrating this inappropriate behavior with Jorge?
a. a teacher
b. a sibling
c. a parent
d. a stranger
C.
Most maltreatment (79%) was perpetrated by parents, with neglect as the most common form.
H3: Sroufe and Rutter (1984) described adaptation (or maladaptation) as an ongoing activity, where
one event may build into another, and so on. This model conceptualizes typical and/or atypical
development as ________.
a. a process
b. quantitative
c. discontinuous
d. qualitative
A.
Child psychopathology does not emerge suddenly but rather unfolds over time in a process of
small changes and events that are cumulative.
H3: The core competencies model focuses on several different markers of healthy development. They
include all but which of the following?
a. self-control
b. decision-making skills
c. a moral system of belief
d. self-efficacy
D.
Self-efficacy is an important part of the self-concept, but it is not one of the specific aspects of
the core competencies model.
H3: Dr. Patel is conducting research that involves testing different groups of children of different ages
at the same point in time. This is an example of ________ research.
a. sequential
b. longitudinal
c. correlational
d. cross-sectional
D.
Cross-sectional research involves the collection of data at a single point in time, with
comparisons made among groups of participants
H3: Both of Tuan’s parents suffer from eating disorders. His mother has struggled with anorexia
nervosa in the past, and his father receives psychotherapy to help him avoid returning to behaviors
that warranted the same diagnosis during his college years. Tuan is at ________ risk for developing
an eating disorder.
a. specific
b. prognostic
c. diagnostic
d. nonspecific
A.
Specific risk involves increased vulnerability to one particular disorder, while nonspecific risk
involves increased vulnerability to any, or many, kinds of disorders.
H3: Which of the following is not one of the primary concerns found within the framework of
developmental psychopathology?
a. understanding how specific disorders develop
b. knowing what happens over time to children who develop disorders
c. discovering what can be done to help children with disorders
d. fostering relationships between parents and teachers of children with specific disorder
D.
Teachers and parents will be an important part of the process of assessing and treating
disorders in children, but attending to the relationship between them is not a primary emphasis of
developmental psychopathology.
H3: Which of the following have researchers found to be very important in terms of the role of risk
factors on a child’s development?
a. the total number of risk factors a child experiences
b. the type of risk factors each child encounters
c. whether or not there are supportive figures to respond to risk factors
d. the size of a child’s peer group when risk factors occur
A.
Many researchers have observed that the total number of risk factors that children experience
is even more important than the particular type of risk factors.
H4: When working with a 4-year old child whose verbal skills are limited, Dr. Kane is still able to glean
quite a bit of useful information from observing the young client. Which of the following would be a
source of important data to help inform the assessment process?
a. the child’s behavioral and play patterns
b. whether or not the child’s parents make timely payments for the services
c. the child’s report card from preschool classes
d. whether the child ever misses scheduled appointments
A.
Even the youngest children with limited verbal skills can be expected to provide unique
assessment data through, for example, their behavioral and play patterns.
H4: One of the major concerns within a given classification effort is heterogeneity. This refers to:
a. showing common patterns to immediate symptoms and the future course of their
disorder.
b. the ways that children with a similar disorder will show idiosyncratic sets of difficulties or
symptoms.
c. the likelihood that a child will be diagnosed with more than one disorder at the same
time.
d. the ways in which one’s symptoms will improve or decline over time.
B.
While we expect some degree of similarity in the clinical presentations of children with the
same disorder, the DSM-5 description of any particular disorder usually includes a variety of domains
and symptoms, allowing for countless combinations.
H4: What is the value of combining the results from different outcome research studies using a
technique called meta-analysis?
a. This technique provides justification for individualized treatment plans that craft new
techniques based on the needs of unique clients.
b. This technique helps determine if a psychotherapeutic intervention works and whether it
provides significant benefits for those receiving treatment.
c. Meta-analysis eliminates error from research by combining all studies on a given topic
together into one statistical assessment.
d. Using meta-analysis is far less costly and requires less specific training than other forms
of outcome research.
B.
Results of numerous meta-analyses confirm that psychotherapy works, with statistically
significant and clinically meaningful effects for infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents.
H4: Dr. Benitez is conducting a study that aims to identify the specific mechanisms and common
factors that account for client change that occurs through psychotherapy. This would be an example
of a(n) ________ study.
a. process
b. outcome
c. meta-analytic
d. subjective
A.
Process research deals with the specific mechanisms and common factors that account for
therapeutic change.
H4: In the DSM-5 (published in 2013), the arrangement of categories reflects a more ________
perspective of psychological disorders.
a. psychodynamic
b. neurocognitive
c. humanistic
d. developmental
D.
Descriptions of disorders reflect a developmental perspective and include age-related factors
relevant to diagnosis as well as information about how symptoms may vary across the lifespan.
H4: Considering the values of a good classification system, which of the following is NOT demonstrated
when such a system helps to enhance clinical utility?
a. The system helps clarify thinking about the expression of particular disorders.
b. The system helps to increase knowledge of the etiology of particular disorders.
c. The system helps to clarify thinking about the emergence of particular disorders.
d. The system helps to enhance understanding of the prognosis and treatment of particular
disorders.
B.
A good classification system enhances clinical utility; that is, it helps clarify thinking about the
expression and emergence of particular disorders, and about prognosis and treatment decisions.
