Exam Prep #2 Flashcards
Anatomy and Physiology
This plane faces forward and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Frontal Plane
This plane run perpendicular to the ground and divides the body into left and right portions.
Sagittal Plane
This plane passes directly through the spine and navel. All other lateral planes are considered parasagittal.
Midsagittal Plane
This plane runs parallel to the ground and divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Transverse Plane (Horizontal)
How many body cavities are there?
5
This body cavity consists of the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, ureters, and kidneys.
Abdominal Cavity
This body cavity consists the skull and the brain.
Cranial Cavity
This body cavity consists the urinary bladder, urethra, part of the large intestines, rectum, uterus, and vagina/prostate
Pelvic Cavity
This body cavity consists of the spinal column connecting to the cranial cavity.
Spinal Cavity
This body cavity consists of the esophagus, trachea, lungs, heart, and aorta.
Thoracic Cavity
This body cavity can be divided into 2 smaller cavities which is.
The thoracic cavity. Divided into the pleural and mediastinum cavity.
The building blocks of increasing complexity that, when combined, form a living organism is known as?
Structural Units
How many Structural Units are there?
4
Structural unit that is primarily responsible for storing genetic information and carrying out microscopic processes such as metabolism and protein synthesis.
Cells
Structural unit that groups cells with the same structure and function. Arranged in layers and also differ on their operation and location in the body. Consist of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous (cardiac, smooth, skeletal)
Tissues
Structural unit that is more than one tissue arranged together. Specialized and each are responsible for specific, vital functions in the body. Can be hollow or solid. Examples include heart, lungs, brain, and liver
Organs
Structural unit consisting of an arrangement of organs working together to achieve a unified bodily objective.
Organ Systems
How many organ systems are there in the body?
11
Name the 12 Organ Systems of the body.
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Cardiovascular
- Circulatory
- Respiratory
- Nervous
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Endocrine
- Lymphatic
- Integumentary
- Reproductive
Function of this organ system are mechanical support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. Composed of bone and cartilages.
The Skeletal System
The axial and appendicular are two parts of which organ system?
The Skeletal System
This organ system functions as the locomotion of the body. Divided into smooth, cardiac, and skeletal parts. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are arranged in a repetitive fashion (striped appearance). Smooth muscles are non-striated (non striped).
The Muscular System
This organ system function includes transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body within the blood. Also eliminates carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste. Composed of the heart and circulatory system.
The Cardiovascular System
This organ system consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Continuous network of vessels that carry blood around the body. Blood leaves the heart through arteries, which reduce in size to smaller arteries called arterioles. Arterioles reduce to capillaries (where gasses and nutrients are exchanged. Then small veins (venules) go from capillaries and increase size to the heart as veins. Arteries convey blood from heart to periphery. Veins convey blood from periphery to heart.
The Circulatory System
This organ system consist of 3 circuits called, pulmonary, coronary and systemic circulations.
The Circulatory System
This circulatory circuit carries blood between heart and lungs.
Pulmonary Circulation
This circulatory circuit supplies blood to muscle of the heart.
Coronary Circulation
This circulatory circuit carries blood to the rest of the body.
Systemic Circulation
This organ system function is to bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide. Consists of the nasal cavity and pharynx (both called the upper respiratory system, the rest are lower the respiratory system), larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs (alveoli). Function to conduct air into the lungs aided by muscle of respiration (except alveoli). When air is in the lungs it enters the alveoli (gas exchanges/ CO2 is removed and O2 is returned to blood).
The Respiratory System
This organ system initiates and regulates vital body functions, sensation and body movements. Controls how we interact with and respond to our environment by controlling functions of organs. Consists of the brain, spinal cord and sensory organs (connected by neurons). Neurons are used to transmit neural signals around the body.
The Nervous System
The nervous system is divided into which 4 systems?
- Central
- Peripheral
- Somatic
- Autonomic
This organ system function is to degrade food into smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and can be used as energy. Consists of gastrointestinal tract organs and accessory digestive organs (from mouth to anal canal). Assist with mechanical and chemical food breakdown (tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
The Digestive System
This organ system functions as the body drainage system made of organs that produce and excrete urine. Consists of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Elimination of body waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of electrolyte levels and blood ph.
The Urinary System
These organ systems are scattered throughout the body that act to produce hormones. Hypothalamus is a gland in your brain that controls the endocrine system. It controls mood, hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual functions. The pituitary gland makes hormones that control the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testicles. Located at the base of the brain.
The Endocrine System
A butterfly shaped gland in front of the neck. Responsible for metabolism.
Thyroid
Controls the level of calcium in the body.
Parathyroid
Consists of two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney which controls metabolism, blood pressure, sexual development, and response to stress.
Adrenal Glands
Manages sleep cycles by releasing melatonin.
Pineal
Makes insulin that controls the level of sugar in your blood.
Pancreas
Releases estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Ovaries
This organ system is a network of vessels that drain excess tissue fluid from the intracellular fluid compartment, filters it though lymph nodes, exposes it to lymphocytes (white blood cells) and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. Consists of lymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. To convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body.
The Lymphatic System
Resistance to pathogens during an adaptive immune response is called what?
Active Immunity
The organ system that functions as the outer skin layer of the body. Acts as protection of deeper tissue from mechanical, chemical, thermal, and bacterial damage. Temperature regulation, helps secretion of urea and uric acid through sweat glands, and sensory receptors that recognize heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. Consists of skin, hair, finger and toenails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
The Integumentary System
This organ system consists of internal and external sex organs that work together to contribute to the reproduction process. External organs are the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening (female) and testes and penis (male). The internal organs are ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina (female) and epididymis, ductus deferens and accessory glands (male).
The Reproductive System
State of equilibrium between elements (like a thermostat). In the body, it involves coordination of physiological processes among organ systems to maintain the conditions necessary for life and health. What is this called?
Homeostasis
The study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. Including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa, and algae (microbes) is called what?
Microbiology
What are the basic building block of all living things?
Cells
Cell structure that holds all other substructures in place. Humans and animals have two layers, whereas bacteria only has one.
Cell Membrane
Cell structure where plants, bacteria, and fungal cells only have cell walls (excluding animal and humans). Encloses the cell membrane.
Cell Wall
Cell structure known as the cell’s command center. Directions to grow, mature, divide, or die. Houses DNA (hereditary material).
Nucleus
Cell structure where the nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane). Protects the DNA and separates from the rest of the cell.
Membrane
Cell structure that is made up of a jelly like fluid (cytosol) and other structures that surround the nucleus.
Cytoplasm
Cell structure where organelles that process the cell’s genetic instructions to create proteins.
Ribosome
Cell structure where organelle that helps process molecules created by the cell. Also transports molecules in or out of cells.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cell structure that packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Cell structure known as the powerhouse of the cell. Converts energy from food. Own genetic material. Can make copies of themselves.
Mitochondria
Cell structure that digest foreign bacteria that invade the cell, rid of toxic substances, and recycle worn-out components.
Lysosome
Cell structure which has a slender threadlike structure. Enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc, to swim.
Flagellum
Cell structure, present on the surface of the mammalian cells. Play a major role in locomotion.
Cilia
A unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and nucleus, including some that cause disease is called what?
Bacteria
Infectious agents that rely on living cells to multiply are called what?
Viruses
Spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter (mold, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools). Multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic in nutrition are called what?
Fungi
Single-celled eukaryotes (free-living or parasitic). Feed on organic matter are called what?
Protozoa
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Type 2, Hyperthyroidism, and Hypothyroidism is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Endocrine System
Basal Cell Carcinoma, Eczema, Dermatitis and Cellulitis is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Integumentary System
Osteoarthritis, Bursitis, Gout, and Lordosis is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Musculoskeletal System
Hypertension, Angina, Myocardial Infarction, and Coronary Artery Disease is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Cardiovascular System
AIDS, Lymphedema, and Mononucleosis is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Lymphatic System
Asthma, Bronchitis, COPD, and Influenza is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Respiratory System
Alzheimer’s, Seizures, Strokes, and Multiple Sclerosis is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Nervous System
Prostate Cancer, STI, and Cervical Cancer is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Reproductive System
Active Kidney Failure, Incontinence, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Renal Calculi is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Urinary System
Colitis, Appendicitis, Cirrhosis, and Crohn’s Disease is pathophysiology of which organ system?
Digestive System
List 5 common injuries.
- Bone fracture
- Joint dislocation
- Rotator cuff tear
- Concussion
- Muscle strain
- ACL tear
Diagnostic imaging including x-ray, computed tomography (CT), angiography, mammography, and nuclear medicine studies uses what kind of tool?
Radiation
Diagnostic imaging including MRI, and ultrasound use what kind of tool?
Sound waves, magnetic
Diagnostic imaging including air, barium, gadolinium, and iodine use what kind of material?
Contrast material
Occurrence of new diseases or cases in a specific population over a distinct time period. Can be classified into groups of people who play in specific sports. Example, the number of athletes who suffer ACL injuries will be higher than the number of kindergarten teachers who do is called what?
Incidence
The proportion of a population who have a particular disease at a specific point in time over a period of time. Prevalence includes all cases, incidence limits only new cases. Example, a medical assistant will often see trends in the types of conditions being treated due to environmental or seasonal changes is called what?
Prevalence
Characteristics that make a person more likely to suffer a disease or injury. Can be modifiable. Example, a high-fat diet is a risk factor for developing heart disease, and is modifiable. A family history of breast cancer is considered a non modifiable risk factor is called what?
Risk Factors
Define Morbidity
The measure of sickness or disease within a specific population. Can lead to mortality.
Define Mortality.
The measure of deaths in an area or population.
Define Comorbidities.
Diseases or conditions in one person at the same time. Often in chronic nature.
Define Endemic.
An illness that is constantly present within a community.
Define Epidemic.
An infection disease spreads rapidly to large number of people.
Define Pandemic.
A world-wide outbreak of a disease.
