Exam 5 - Section 1 Flashcards
Learning
_________– Stimuli that occur close together in time will come to elicit the same response
Classical conditioning
_________
Classical conditioning– Stimuli that occur close together in time will come to elicit the same response
Learning
Learning
Classical conditioning– Stimuli that occur close together in time will come to elicit the same _________
response
_________ – Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are more likely to be repeated;
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning – Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are _________ likely to be repeated;
more
_________-behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated
Operant conditioning –
Operant conditioning – behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are _________ likely to be repeated
less
-Behaviorism-
_________ - All knowledge comes from our experience (senses)
Empiricism
-Behaviorism-
_________- We can’t know unless were knowing through our senses
Empiricism
Empiricism
– Experience is the direct product of _________
reality
-Behaviorism-
Empiricism - All knowledge comes from our experience (_________)
senses
– Implies that at birth the mind is essentially empty
Empiricism
Empiricism – Implies that at birth the mind is essentially _________
empty
Empiricism – Implies that at birth the mind is essentially empty
• _________ : tabula rasa, or blank slate
John Locke
Empiricism – Implies that at birth the mind is essentially empty
• John Locke: tabula rasa, or _________
blank slate
_________ -
Associationism
– Many things are associated because one causes
the other (classical conditioning)
Behaviorism
-Behaviorism-
_________
– Many things are associated because one causes
the other (classical conditioning)
Associationism
-Behaviorism-
Associationism
– Many things are associated because one causes
the other (_________ )
classical conditioning
_________ -Any two things can become mentally linked because they are repeatedly experienced in time together
Associationism
Associationism - Any two things can become mentally linked because they are _________ experienced in time _________
- repeatedly
- together
_________- maximize pleasure while minimizing pain
Hedonism
-WHO-
behaviorism
John Watson
behaviorism was used by John Watson, a proponent of _________ conditioning,
classical
behaviorism was used by B.F. Skinner, a leader in research about _________ conditioning
operant
Watson and Skinner both believed the _________ life was much less important than _________ as a foundation for psychological science.
- mental
- behavior
_________- your environment determines whats going to happen
Determinism
_________- that which we can not see we can not study
Mentalism
Mentalism - that which we can not _________ we can not _________
- see
- study
_________ the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Learning
_________ changing behavior choices in response to consequences
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning - changing behavior choices in response to _________
consequences
_________ - When you do something because you get rewarded for it
Operant conditioning
_________- learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning - learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an _________ to which we have a _________
- event
- reaction
_________- pairing of two stimuli such that one stimuli can illicit the response of the other
Classical conditioning
Skinner was a proponate of _________
determinism
_________ - Everyone has their own unique personality because they have had their own set of Classical and operant conditioning through their lives
Skinner
Skinner - Everyone has their own unique _________ because they have had their own set of Classical and operant conditioning through their _________
- personality
- lives
Through _________, the occurrence of behavior is made more or less probable
operant conditioning
_________- study of the ways in which behavior is acquired, maintained, or modified by its reinforcing or punishing consequences
Operant analysis
Operant analysis: study of the ways in which behavior is acquired, _________, or modified by its reinforcing or punishing _________
- maintained
- consequences
_________ - Skinners way of analyzing personality
Operant analysis
_________ : The procedure of presenting a stimulus following a response to increase how often the response occurs in the future.
Positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement: The procedure of presenting a stimulus following a response to _________ how often the response occurs in the future.
increase
_________ : Taking something (aversive) away to increase the likelihood that a behavior will happen again.
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement: Taking something (_________) away to _________ the likelihood that a behavior will happen again.
- aversive
- increase
Negative reinforcement: Taking something (aversive) away to increase the likelihood that a _________ will happen again.
behavior
_________ : The procedure of presenting a stimulus when a behavior occurs to decrease the likelihood .
Punishment (positive)
Punishment (positive): The procedure of presenting a stimulus when a behavior occurs to _________ the likelihood .
decrease
_________ - Adding something aversive to decrease the likelihood of the behavior happening again.
Punishment (positive)
_________ : Taking something (desirable) away to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will happen in the future.
Negative Punishment
Negative Punishment: Taking something (desirable) away to _________ the likelihood that a behavior will happen in the future.
decrease
-Operant Conditioning-
_________ : relationship between a behavior and its consequences
Contingency
_________ -
Contingency: relationship between a behavior and its _________
- Operant Conditioning
- consequences
-Operant Conditioning-
_________ :
• The events that precede the behavior
• The behavior itself
• The consequences that follow the behavior
Three-term contingency
-Operant Conditioning-
Three-term contingency:
• The events that precede the behavior
• The _________ itself
• The _________ that follow the behavior
- behavior
- consequences
-Operant Conditioning-
Three-term contingency:
_________ - The events that precede the behavior
ANTECEDENTS
-Operant Conditioning-
Three-term contingency:
_________ - The consequences that follow the behavior
Learning opportunity
ABC’s of Behavior-
_________- Establishing operations for behaviors.
ANTECEDENTS
ABC’s of Behavior-
_________- Responses to S/muli. Can be verbal or soma/c.
BEHAVIORS
ABC’s of Behavior-
_________- What happens as a result of our behavior; according to Skinner, why we behave in the first place.
CONSEQUENCES
ABC’s of Behavior-
CONSEQUENCES- What happens as a result of our behavior; according to _________ , why we behave in the first place.
Skinner
Variables in conditioning-
_________ :
The psychological meaning of a stimulus.
Stimulus Function
Variables in conditioning-
Same stimulus can have different _________ ,
depending on the situation and _________ history
- functions
- learning
Variables in conditioning-
_________ :
When a response varies (occurs, does not occur) in the presence of a particular stimulus.
Red light = Stop!
Phone rings = Answer it
Stimulus Control
Variables in conditioning-
Stimulus Control:
When a response varies (occurs, does not occur) in the presence of a _________ stimulus.
Red light = Stop!
Phone rings = Answer it
particular
_________ -
Stimulus Function and Stimulus Control Explain individual differences between people.
For skinner
For skinner -
Stimulus Function and Stimulus Control Explain individual _________ between people.
differences
-Operant Conditioning-
_________ :
responses made in the presence of a particular stimulus come to be made in the presence of other, similar stimuli
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus generalization:
responses made in the presence of a particular _________ come to be made in the presence of other, similar _________
- stimulus
- stimuli
_________ -
The girl who cried at the doctor, maybe also cries at the dentist
Stimulus generalization
_________ : reduction in behavior that occurs as a result of the failure to reinforce previously reinforced behavior
Extinction
Extinction: reduction in behavior that occurs as a result of the failure to _________ previously reinforced behavior
reinforce
_________ : teaching a new behavior by reinforcing responses that successively approximate it.
Shaping
_________ : schedule of reinforcement in which each response is followed by a reinforcer
Continuous reinforcement
_________ : schedule of reinforcement in which responses produce reinforcers only occasionally
Intermittent reinforcement
_________ : fixed number of responses is required before a reinforcer is applied
fixed-ratio
fixed-ratio : fixed number of responses is required before a _________ is applied
reinforcer
_________ : the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of time has elapsed is reinforced
Fixed-interval
Fixed-interval : the first response that occurs after a fixed amount of _________ has elapsed is reinforced
time
_________ - you have to respond a certain number of times before you get paid
Fixed-ratio
_________ - A certain number of times have to go by before you get paid
Fixed-interval:
_________ : Delayed responding
Fixed-interval
_________- observable behavior
behaviorist
