Exam 5 - Book Notes Flashcards
_________- We can only know what we can see, and we can see everything we need to know.
Behaviorism
_________ believes that all knowledge worth having comes from direct, public observation
behaviorist
The goal of behaviorism is a functional analysis that maps out exactly how _________ is a function of the _________ situation
- behavior
- environmental
The idea that all knowledge comes from experience is called _________
empiricism
_________ - The structure of the mind determines our experience of reality
rationalism,
_________ Latin for “blank slate” -John Locke
tabula rasa
_________ - the claim that any two things, including ideas, become mentally associ- ated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time.
Associationism
_________- people learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
hedonism
_________ - which claims that the best society is one that creates the most happiness for the largest number of people
utilitarianism
_________ - the simplest way behavior changes as a result of experience
habituation
_________- Sneak up behind someone and ring a bell. The person will probably jump, per- haps high in the air. Then ring it again. The second jump will not be as high. Then ring it again. The third jump will be still lower
habituation
Pavlov’s dogs - _________
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning-
Injecting heroin into the bloodstream triggers biological _________ that serve to lessen its effects, which is why addicts require larger doses over time.
opponent processes
feeling of anxiety due to unpredictability can also lead to a behavioral pattern called _________ -
learned helplessness
_________- conditioned response is essentially passive with no impact of its own
respondent conditioning,
_________ : The animal learns to operate on its world in such a way as to change it to that animal’s advantage
operant conditioning
-WHO-
operant conditioning -_________
Skinner
If an animal or a person performs a behavior, and the behavior is followed by a good result—a _________ —the behavior becomes more likely
reinforcement
_________ is an aversive consequence that fol- lows an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition
punishment
_________- The behavior you are most likely to perform at a given moment resides at the top of your habit hierarchy, while your least likely behavior is at the bottom.
habit hierarchy
-WHO-
habit hierarchy - _________
Dollard and Miller
-Dollard and Miller-
_________ - is a state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension is reduced
drive
-Dollard and Miller-
_________ drives include those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of physical pain, sexual gratification
Primary
-Dollard and Miller-
_________ drives include positive drives for love, prestige, money, and power, as well as negative drives such as the avoidance of fear and of humilia- tion
Secondary
-Dollard and Miller-
_________- Drives create needs, which produce behaviors to satisfy them.
Drive Reduction Theory
-Dollard and Miller-
_________- conflict between desire and fear, and the way it can change over time
approach-avoidance conflict
-WHO-
_________ - Social Learning Theory
Rotter and Bandura
_________ - assumes that behavioral decisions are determined not just by the presence or size of reinforcements, but also by _________ about the likely results of behavior
- expectancy value theory
- beliefs
expectancy for a behavior is an individual’s _________ , or subjective probability, about how likely it seems that the behavior will attain its _________
- belief
- goal
_________ is the belief that a certain behavior, at a cer- tain time and place, will lead to a specific outcome
specific expectancy
_________- These are gen- eral beliefs about whether anything you do is likely to make a difference
generalized expectancies.
Rotter sometimes referred to generalized expectancy as _________
locus of control
People with internal locus of control are those with _________ generalized expec- tancies and thus tend to think that what they do affects what happens to them.
Those with external locus of control have _________ generalized expectancies and tend to think that what they do will not make much difference
- high
- low
_________ - carry the phenomenological implication that one’s interpretation of reality matters more than reality itself.
efficacy expectations
_________- the belief that one can accomplish something successfully
efficacy expectations
_________ - is a belief about the self, about what the person is capable of doing.
self-efficacy,
_________- which is an analysis of how people shape their environments
reciprocal determinism,
Behaviorism’s key tenet is that all of behavior stems from the _________ and _________ in past and present environments.
- rewards
- punishments
Sarah Hampson, _________ are the “mechanisms that unfold over time to produce the effects of personality traits
personality processes
_________ - the ability to screen out information that might make the individual anxious or uncomfortable.
perceptual defense
_________- is any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit.
chunk
_________ : The purpose of education is to assemble new chunks.
Funder’s Fifth Law
Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would perceive Suzanne’s bump as an ________ and likely respond with ________.
intentionally hostile act; aggression
Bandura’s ________ has proven to be the most influential of his ideas.
emphasis on observational learning
Behaviorism is rooted in which of the following philosophical principles?
empiricism, associationism, and hedonism
Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by ________.
learning
Behaviorists like John Watson assumed that an individual’s personality consists of a repertoire of learned ________.
stimulus-response associations
If a particular song frequently precedes your being touched by your significant other, then eventually hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her. This is the basic idea behind ________.
associationism
On the first day of kindergarten, Terry’s teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students’ questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry’s teacher is using ________ to change the students’ behavior.
shaping
Perceptual ________ refers to the process whereby the perceptual system filters out information that might make the individual uncomfortable or distressed.
defense
Punishment involves ________.
introducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior
Someone who frequently attributes hostility to other people might be able to change this aspect of his or her personality. According to the material on priming, what should such a person try to do?
Tell themselves to slow down and think more deliberately.
The basic idea behind empiricism is that ________.
everything we know is the result of our experience
The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.
hedonism
What term is used to describe a positive result that follows a particular behavior?
reinforcement
When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica’s crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.
habituated
Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment?
Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior.
