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Psyc of Personality 336 > Exam 5 - Book Notes > Flashcards

Exam 5 - Book Notes Flashcards

1
Q

_________- We can only know what we can see, and we can see everything we need to know.

A

Behaviorism

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2
Q

_________ believes that all knowledge worth having comes from direct, public observation

A

behaviorist

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3
Q

The goal of behaviorism is a functional analysis that maps out exactly how _________ is a function of the _________ situation

A
  • behavior

- environmental

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4
Q

The idea that all knowledge comes from experience is called _________

A

empiricism

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5
Q

_________ - The structure of the mind determines our experience of reality

A

rationalism,

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6
Q

_________ Latin for “blank slate” -John Locke

A

tabula rasa

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7
Q

_________ - the claim that any two things, including ideas, become mentally associ- ated as one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time.

A

Associationism

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8
Q

_________- people learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

A

hedonism

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9
Q

_________ - which claims that the best society is one that creates the most happiness for the largest number of people

A

utilitarianism

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10
Q

_________ - the simplest way behavior changes as a result of experience

A

habituation

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11
Q

_________- Sneak up behind someone and ring a bell. The person will probably jump, per- haps high in the air. Then ring it again. The second jump will not be as high. Then ring it again. The third jump will be still lower

A

habituation

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12
Q

Pavlov’s dogs - _________

A

Classical Conditioning

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13
Q

Classical Conditioning-

Injecting heroin into the bloodstream triggers biological _________ that serve to lessen its effects, which is why addicts require larger doses over time.

A

opponent processes

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14
Q

feeling of anxiety due to unpredictability can also lead to a behavioral pattern called _________ -

A

learned helplessness

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15
Q

_________- conditioned response is essentially passive with no impact of its own

A

respondent conditioning,

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16
Q

_________ : The animal learns to operate on its world in such a way as to change it to that animal’s advantage

A

operant conditioning

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17
Q

-WHO-

operant conditioning -_________

A

Skinner

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18
Q

If an animal or a person performs a behavior, and the behavior is followed by a good result—a _________ —the behavior becomes more likely

A

reinforcement

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19
Q

_________ is an aversive consequence that fol- lows an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition

A

punishment

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20
Q

_________- The behavior you are most likely to perform at a given moment resides at the top of your habit hierarchy, while your least likely behavior is at the bottom.

A

habit hierarchy

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21
Q

-WHO-

habit hierarchy - _________

A

Dollard and Miller

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22
Q

-Dollard and Miller-

_________ - is a state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension is reduced

A

drive

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23
Q

-Dollard and Miller-

_________ drives include those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of physical pain, sexual gratification

A

Primary

24
Q

-Dollard and Miller-

_________ drives include positive drives for love, prestige, money, and power, as well as negative drives such as the avoidance of fear and of humilia- tion

A

Secondary

25
Q

-Dollard and Miller-

_________- Drives create needs, which produce behaviors to satisfy them.

A

Drive Reduction Theory

26
Q

-Dollard and Miller-

_________- conflict between desire and fear, and the way it can change over time

A

approach-avoidance conflict

27
Q

-WHO-

_________ - Social Learning Theory

A

Rotter and Bandura

28
Q

_________ - assumes that behavioral decisions are determined not just by the presence or size of reinforcements, but also by _________ about the likely results of behavior

A
  • expectancy value theory

- beliefs

29
Q

expectancy for a behavior is an individual’s _________ , or subjective probability, about how likely it seems that the behavior will attain its _________

A
  • belief

- goal

30
Q

_________ is the belief that a certain behavior, at a cer- tain time and place, will lead to a specific outcome

A

specific expectancy

31
Q

_________- These are gen- eral beliefs about whether anything you do is likely to make a difference

A

generalized expectancies.

32
Q

Rotter sometimes referred to generalized expectancy as _________

A

locus of control

33
Q

People with internal locus of control are those with _________ generalized expec- tancies and thus tend to think that what they do affects what happens to them.
Those with external locus of control have _________ generalized expectancies and tend to think that what they do will not make much difference

A
  • high

- low

34
Q

_________ - carry the phenomenological implication that one’s interpretation of reality matters more than reality itself.

A

efficacy expectations

35
Q

_________- the belief that one can accomplish something successfully

A

efficacy expectations

36
Q

_________ - is a belief about the self, about what the person is capable of doing.

A

self-efficacy,

37
Q

_________- which is an analysis of how people shape their environments

A

reciprocal determinism,

38
Q

Behaviorism’s key tenet is that all of behavior stems from the _________ and _________ in past and present environments.

A
  • rewards

- punishments

39
Q

Sarah Hampson, _________ are the “mechanisms that unfold over time to produce the effects of personality traits

A

personality processes

40
Q

_________ - the ability to screen out information that might make the individual anxious or uncomfortable.

A

perceptual defense

41
Q

_________- is any piece of information that can be thought of as a unit.

A

chunk

42
Q

_________ : The purpose of education is to assemble new chunks.

A

Funder’s Fifth Law

43
Q

Amy is a generally aggressive and hostile child. Imagine that Suzanne accidentally bumped into Amy in a crowded room. Based on theories related to priming and chronic accessibility, Amy would perceive Suzanne’s bump as an ________ and likely respond with ________.

A

intentionally hostile act; aggression

44
Q

Bandura’s ________ has proven to be the most influential of his ideas.

A

emphasis on observational learning

45
Q

Behaviorism is rooted in which of the following philosophical principles?

A

empiricism, associationism, and hedonism

46
Q

Behaviorists believe that personality differences can be entirely explained by ________.

A

learning

47
Q

Behaviorists like John Watson assumed that an individual’s personality consists of a repertoire of learned ________.

A

stimulus-response associations

48
Q

If a particular song frequently precedes your being touched by your significant other, then eventually hearing the song will make you think of being touched by him or her. This is the basic idea behind ________.

A

associationism

49
Q

On the first day of kindergarten, Terry’s teacher responds to the students every time they ask her a question. By the end of the first week, the teacher will only respond to students who are sitting quietly at their desks. At the end of the second week, the teacher will only respond to students’ questions if they are quietly seated, raise their hands, and wait to be called on before asking their questions. Terry’s teacher is using ________ to change the students’ behavior.

A

shaping

50
Q

Perceptual ________ refers to the process whereby the perceptual system filters out information that might make the individual uncomfortable or distressed.

A

defense

51
Q

Punishment involves ________.

A

introducing an aversive consequence in order to decrease the frequency of a behavior

52
Q

Someone who frequently attributes hostility to other people might be able to change this aspect of his or her personality. According to the material on priming, what should such a person try to do?

A

Tell themselves to slow down and think more deliberately.

53
Q

The basic idea behind empiricism is that ________.

A

everything we know is the result of our experience

54
Q

The philosophical belief called ________ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain.

A

hedonism

55
Q

What term is used to describe a positive result that follows a particular behavior?

A

reinforcement

56
Q

When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica’s crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.

A

habituated

57
Q

Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment?

A

Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior.

Psyc of Personality 336 (19 decks)

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