Exam 2 - Audio Notes 2 (10/04) Flashcards
Brian Little -
3 natures
- Biogenic nature
- _________ nature
- Idiogenic nature
Sociogenic
Brian Little -
3 natures
- _________ nature
- Sociogenic nature
- _________ nature
- Biogenic
- Idiogenic
Brian Little -
3 natures
- _________ nature - cultural and social aspects (2nd nature)
Sociogenic
Brian Little -
3 natures
- _________ nature -what makes you you - idiosyncratic you
Idiogenic
Brian Little -
Our Core _________ are what make us unique
projects
Brian Little -
Traits matter, they predict _________ but we are not so black and white, we can reach outside of our normal _________ ,
- behavior
- behaviors
Brian Little -
Traits matter, they predict behavior but we are not so _________, we can reach _________ of our normal behaviors,
- black and white
- outside
Brian Little -
-We are inherently _________
flexible
_________ -
respond to someone because of an expectation that you have
Expectancy Theorem
assess accuracy -
Security and predictability - We like to be able to _________ what is and will happen
predict
(WHO)
Intellectual expectancy effects
• _________
Rosenthal and Jacobson
Intellectual expectancy effects
• Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968):
- _________ ,
- feedback,
- _________ ,
- output
- climate
- input
Intellectual expectancy effects
• Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968):
- climate,
- _________ ,
- input,
- _________
- feedback
- output
Intellectual expectancy effects
• Rosenthal and Jacobson
Because you _________ a person to be a certain way, such has cold personality, you will _________ a situation where they are more likely to be cold
- expect
- create
Intellectual expectancy effects
• Rosenthal and Jacobson
Your _________ of a personality trait, tends to _________ that personality trait
- expectation
- increase
_________ -
Because you expect a person to be a certain way, such has cold personality, you will create a situation where they are more likely to be cold
Intellectual expectancy effects
• Rosenthal and Jacobson
_________-
Your expectation of a personality trait, tends to increase that personality trait
Intellectual expectancy effects
• Rosenthal and Jacobson
Expectancies
Our own expectancies tend to change the _________ that other people operate in
environment
Our own _________ tend to shape interactions
Expectancies
(WHO)
Many-trait approach - _________
Cattell
_________ approach - You are this one thing
Single-trait
_________ approach - We are combination of lots of different things and are in interaction of these things
Many-trait
_________ -
– 100 personality descriptions
– Sort into a forced choice, symmetrical, and normal distribution
– Compare characteristics within an individual
California Q-Set
California Q-Set (Q sort)
– 100 personality descriptions
– Sort into a _________ choice, symmetrical, and normal distribution
– Compare _________ within an individual
- forced
- characteristics
_________ - OK Cupid test
California Q-Set
_________ - Force traits against each other
Q sort, Q-Test
Q sort, Q-Test - Force traits _________ each other
against
_________ -
Word use
– Certainty words: words you use to describe yourself says something about you
The Many-Trait Approach
The Many-Trait Approach -
_________ -
– Certainty words: words you use to describe yourself says something about you
Word use
The Many-Trait Approach -
Word use
– Certainty words: words you use to _________ yourself says something about _________
- describe
- you
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
_________ : 16 essential traits
Cattell
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
Cattell: 16 essential _________
traits
_________ Approach - Hundreds of different words
The Many-Trait
_________ Approach-
Factor analytic approaches to reducing the many to a few
The Essential-Trait
The Essential-Trait Approach-
Factor analytic approaches to _________ the many to a _________
- reducing
- few
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
_________ : extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
Eysenck
_________ – Eysenck: extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
_________ : positive emotionality, negative emotionality, constraint
Tellegen
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
Tellegen: positive emotionality, _________ emotionality, _________
- negative
- constraint
_________ -
Tellegen: positive emotionality, negative emotionality, constraint
-The Essential-Trait Approach-
_________ “That which tells what a person will do when placed in a given situation.
Catell’s definition: traits
Catell’s definition: traits
• “That which tells what a person will do when placed in a given _________ .
situation
Catell’s definition: traits
_________ ! No more subjec@vity
MATHEMATICAL
_________ : traits
MATHEMATICAL! No more subjec@vity
Catell’s definition
Catell’s definition: traits
R = f (S,P)
- R = _________
- f = function
- S = _________
- P = Personality
- Bx response (behavior)
- Situation
Catell’s definition: traits
R = f (S,P)
- R = Bx response (behavior)
- f = _________
- S = Situation
- P = _________
- function
- Personality
(WHO)
_________ -
R = f (S,P)
- R = Bx response (behavior)
- f = function
- S = Situation
- P = Personality
Catell’s definition: traits
Catell’s definition: traits
behavior is a function of _________ and _________
- situations
- personality
_________ -
behavior is a function of situations and personality
Catell’s definition: traits
-Classifying Traits-
_________ : relatively permanent and broad reaction tendencies that serve as the building blocks of personality; traits initiate and guide behavior
Traits
-Classifying Traits-
Traits: relatively permanent and broad reaction _________ that serve as the building blocks of personality; traits _________ and guide behavior
- tendencies
- initiate
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits: determined by biology
Constitutional
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits: determined by experience
Environmental-mold
_________ - traits are relatively permanent
Cattell
-Classifying Traits- Catell
– Environmental-mold traits: determined by experience
• _________
Multiple abstract variance analysis
-Classifying Traits- Catell
Multiple abstract variance analysis (MAVA) determines what _________ go in which _________
- traits
- category
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits: skills that enable individuals to cope effectively with problems posed by the environment
Ability
-Classifying Traits- Catell
Ability traits: skills that enable individuals to cope effectively with _________ posed by the environment (Skill in dealing with _________ problems) * IQ goes here.
- problems
- complex
-Classifying Traits- Catell
Ability traits: skills that enable individuals to cope effectively with problems posed by the _________ (Skill in dealing with complex problems) * ___ goes here.
- environment
- IQ
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits: innate tendencies to react to the environment in particular ways; includes such variables as the person’s moodiness, excitability, and activity level (i.e., bold, easygoing, irritable, etc.)
Temperament
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits: characteristics that embrace people’s motives and interests (these change!)
Dynamic
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits: observable trait that is controlled by an underlying source trait – collection of traits that “go together.” (i.e., boldness and motivation)
Surface
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits (Primary factors) : underlying characteristic inferred from the intercorrelations among a number of measured variables, or surface traits (controls variation in surface traits) – information about a persons way of reacting in a situation.
Source
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits - moodiness, excitability
Temperament
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits - interests (these change!)
Dynamic
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits - boldness and motivation
Surface
-Classifying Traits- Catell
_________ traits - underlying characteristic
Source
Problem with Catell’s 16 essential traits:
To much _________, not enough _________
- overlap
- specificity
Problem with _________ 16 essential traits:
To much overlap, not enough specificity
Catell’s
-Big Five Traits-
_________ - Language, the way we talk about traits
Lexical hypothesis
-Big Five Traits-
lexical hypothesis (_________ , 1981)
Goldberg
-Big Five Traits-
lexical hypothesis (Goldberg,) - is that the important aspects of human life will be labeled with _________, and that if something is truly important and _________, many words for it will exist in all _________
- words
- universal
- languages
-Big Five Traits-
lexical hypothesis (Goldberg,) - is that the important aspects of human life will be labeled with _________, and that if something is truly important and _________, many words for it will exist in all _________
- words
- universal
- languages
-Big Five Traits-
Traits are _________, or unrelated - You can be High or Low in one trait or another, they are not necessarily correlated
orthogonal
- Big Five Traits-
- Big Five Traits-
Traits are orthogonal, or unrelated - You can be High or Low in one _________ or another, they are not necessarily _________
- trait
- correlated
-Big Five Traits-
_________ : warm, gregarious, assertive, active, excitement seeking, dominant, optimistic, ambitious
Extraversion
- Big Five Traits-
- Big Five Traits-
_________ : dominant, optimistic, ambitious
Extraversion
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– React less to sensory stimuli
Extraversion
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Advantages: higher status, rated as more popular and physically attractive, more positive emotions
Extraversion
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Disadvantage: mate poaching, argumentative, need to be in control, poor time management
– Sensitive to rewards and positive emotions
Extraversion
-Big Five Traits-
_________ : emotional instability, negative emotionality
Neuroticism
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Hostile, self-conscious, impulsive
Neuroticism
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Ineffective problem solving; strong
negative reactions to stress
– Sensitive to social threats
Neuroticism
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– General tendency toward psychopathology and
mental illness
– Life outcomes: problems in family rela@onships, dissa@sfied with jobs, criminal behavior
Neuroticism
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Competent, dutiful, achievement striving, self-disciplines
– Integrity tests
Conscientiousness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Used to select employees
• Less biased than “aptitude” tests
– Predict job performance and absenteeism – Predict job performance for one’s spouse
Conscientiousness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Predicts success in college
– Might explain motivation in general
Conscientiousness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
- Actually do less things to feel guilty about but still feel more guilty
Conscientiousness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Predicts longer life expectancy
– Positively correlated with years of schooling
Conscientiousness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
Pumped about making money, risk takers, dopamine lovers
Extraversion
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Conformity, friendly compliance, likeability, warmth, love
– Cooperative and easy to get along with
Agreeableness
_________ - looks at people and Language cross culturally to explain personalities
Lexical hypothesis
Lexical hypothesis - looks at people and _________ cross culturally to explain personalities
Language
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Rate others more positively
– Smoke less
Agreeableness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Women tend to be higher than men
– Among children, related to less vulnerability of being bullied
Agreeableness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
- Moral activities
- Life outcomes: involved in religious activities, psychologically well adjusted, healthy heart, recover quickly from accidents or ill
Agreeableness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
– Most controversial trait
– Viewed by others as creative, imaginative, artistic, open-minded, and clever
Openness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
- Approach to intellectual matters or basic intelligence
- Value of cultural matters
- Creativity and perceptiveness
Openness
-Big Five Traits-
_________-
-– Less replicable across samples and cultures (cross-culturally)
– Politically liberal
Openness
_________ - informs into general ways that we behave, but we have the person situation problem, where these behaviors may change given the context we are in, not necessarily just the moment to moment context with the people around you, but the context of our _________ informs what traits we have
- Big 5 Inventory
- entire lives
Big 5 Inventory - informs into general ways that we _________, but we have the person situation problem, where these behaviors may change given the context we are in, not necessarily just the _________ context with the people around you, but the context of our entire lives informs what traits we have
- behave
- moment to moment
Big 5 Inventory - informs into general ways that we behave, but we have the _________ problem, where these behaviors may change given the _________ we are in, not necessarily just the moment to moment context with the people around you, but the context of our entire lives informs what traits we have
- person-situation
- context
Personality _________ that cant be explained by the big 5 -
Honesty, _________ - largely stable traits
- characteristics
- humility
Personality characteristics that cant be explained by the big 5 -
_________, humility - largely _________ traits
- Honesty
- stable
Problem with the Big 5 is it can be too _________ for _________
- broad
- consistency
-Personality traits vary by _________ region - Environment, or do people with certain personalities choose to live in certain areas?
Are we _________ us no matter where we are or influenced by environment
- geographical
- fundamentally
-Personality traits vary by geographical region - _________, or do people with certain personalities choose to live in certain areas?
Are we fundamentally us no matter where we are or influenced by _________
- Environment
- environment
Personality is relatively stable - because we have _________ consistency
Rank-order
Personality _________ are also stable
disorders
– Temperament is affected by _________
genetics
Temperament - innate _________ way that we are
genetic
Effortful control - Doesnt seem to _________, impulsive as a child you will be _________ as an adult
- change
- impulsive
-Personality Stability-
_________ -
Positive emotionality, negative emotionality, effortful control
Temperament
_________- means that an underlying (developmental) process or impairment stays the same
Heterotypical continuity
-Personality Stability-
Heterotypical continuity - means that an underlying (_________) process or impairment stays the _________
- developmental
- same
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
– Early experience: stress
— Development of _________, become more rigid
anxiety
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
– Early experience: _________
— Development of anxiety, become more _________
- stress
- rigid
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
– _________- : active, reactive, evocative
Person-environment transactions
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
– Person-environment transactions: active, _________, evocative
reactive
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
Person-environment transactions: _________ - Seeking out parts of personality that we want to nourish
Ex.; deep thinkers, tend to go to _________,
where they end up thinking _________ more often
- Active
- college
- deeply
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
– Person-environment transactions: _________ - How we react differently to different stressors
-where _________ come first
- reactivity
- stressors
-Personality Stability-
Causes:
– Person-environment transactions: _________ - you react with your environment to change your environment
-You plant trees in your neighborhood, breath better oxygen, less _________
- evocative
- stressed
_________ -
Over time we get in more and more in touch with environments that are more conducive to our personality traits that we want
-Personality Development
-Personality Development-
Over time we get in more and more in touch with _________ that are more conducive to our _________ traits that we want
- environments
- personality
-Personality Development-
_________ : may contribute to age differences in cross-sectional studies
-your peers create an environment for you that you have to live in
Cohort effects
-Personality Development-
Cohort effects: may contribute to age differences in cross-sectional studies
-your peers create an _________ for you that you have to live in
environment
-Personality Development-
People become more socially dominant, agreeable, _________, and emotionally stable; and _________ (up to age 50) and ego development increase
- conscientious
- self-esteem
-Personality Development-
People become _________ socially dominant, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable; and self-esteem (up to age ___) and ego development increase
-Confirms the _________ principle
- more
- 50
- maturity
-Personality Development-
Narrative identity (there’s bias here)
– Three aspects: actor, _________, author
-agent
-Personality Development-
Narrative identity (there’s bias here)
_________ - roles that we fill, socializing, being the kind of person you want to be
Actor
-Personality Development-
Narrative identity (there’s bias here)
_________ - motivated by goals, values. who you are now aligns with who you are in future
Agent
-Personality Development-
Narrative identity (there’s bias here)
_________ - your way of telling who you are and are going to be in the world
Author
-Personality Development-
Goals across the lifespan _________
– Related to breadth of perspective about _________
- change
- time
Personality is characterized by stability over the _________, and also by significant _________
- lifespan
- change
Personality - There is no one _________ that can account for all things
measure
Personality may not change if no reward available in _________
environment