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Psyc of Personality 336 > Exam 1 - Section 1 (9/8) > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Section 1 (9/8) Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological triad - how people _________, _________, and _________

A

think, feel and behave

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2
Q

Theoretical view = _________

A

paradigm

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3
Q

Definition of Personality:

An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of _________, _________, and _________

A

thinking, feeling, and behaving

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4
Q

_________ :

An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

A

Definition of Personality

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5
Q

The Goals of Personality Psychology:

Explain the _________ in his or her daily _________

A
  • whole person

- environment

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6
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: how people differ
psychologically

A

Trait

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7
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: understand the mind in terms of the body (physiological responses)

A

Biological

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8
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: primary concern is with the unconscious mind and internal mental conflict

A

Psychoanalytic

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9
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach: focus on people’s conscious experience of the world

A

Phenomenological

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10
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

—Phenomenological approach:
_________: how conscious awareness produces uniquely human aFributes; understand meaning and basis of happiness

A

Humanistic

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11
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

—Phenomenological approach:
_________: how the experience of reality varies across cultures

A

Cross-cultural

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12
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach-

  • Humanistic
  • Cross-cultural
A

Phenomenological

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13
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

—Phenomenological approach:
_________: The person as a whole, what you think, how concious you are regarding yourself

A

Humanistic

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14
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

_________ approach:
how behavior changes as a result of rewards, punishments, and other life experiences

A

Learning and cognitive

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15
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : learning through observa,on and self-evaluation

A

Social learning

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16
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : focuses on cognitive processes including perception, memory, and thought

A

Cognitive personality

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17
Q

Basic Approaches to Personality:

–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : focuses on overt behavior

A

Classic behaviorism

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18
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology

• Goal is to account for the _________ person and _________ concerns
– Advantage: inclusive, interesting, and important
– Disadvantage: overinclusiveness or unfocused research

A
  • whole

- real-life

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19
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology

• Goal is to account for the whole person and real-life concerns
– Advantage: ________ , interesting, and _________
– Disadvantage: overinclusiveness or unfocused research

A
  • inclusive

- important

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20
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology

• Goal is to account for the whole person and real-life concerns
– Advantage: inclusive, interesting, and important
– Disadvantage: _________ or unfocused _________

A
  • overinclusiveness

- research

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21
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology:

_________ approaches
– Advantage: good at addressing certain topics
– Disadvantage: poor at addressing other topics or ignores them

A

Basic

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22
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology:

Basic approaches
– Advantage: good at addressing _________ topics
– Disadvantage: poor at addressing other topics or _________ them

A
  • certain

- ignores

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23
Q

• Other areas of psychology treat all people as if they were the _________
• Personality psychologists emphasize _________ differences
– Negative: pigeonholing
– Positive: leads to sensitivity and respect for individual differences

A
  • same

- individual

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24
Q

• Other areas of psychology treat all people as if they were the same
• Personality psychologists emphasize individual differences
– Negative: _________
– Positive: leads to _________ and respect for _________ differences

A
  • pigeonholing
  • sensitivity
  • individual
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25
Q

_________ :

There are no perfect indicators of per- sonality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous

A

Funder’s Second Law

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26
Q

Funder’s Second Law:

There are no perfect indicators of _________; there are only clues, and clues are always _________

A
  • personality

- ambiguous

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27
Q

Funder’s Second Law:

Psychologist’s job: put together the _________

A

clues

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28
Q

_________ :

Something beats nothing, two times out of three

A

Funder’s Third Law

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29
Q

_________ : Self-Judgments or Self-Reports

  • Usually _________ or surveys
  • Most frequent data source
  • High face validity (Measures what it appears to measure)
A
  • S Data

- questionnaires

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30
Q

S Data: Self-Judgments or Self-Reports

  • Usually questionnaires or surveys
  • Most _________ data source
  • High _________ (Measures what it appears to measure)
A
  • frequent

- face validity

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31
Q

Advantages of S Data:

• Based on a _________ amount of information
– You are always with yourself
– People are usually their own best _________
• Access to thoughts, feelings, and inten,ons • Definitional truth
• Causal force
– Efficacy expectations
– Self-verification
• Simple and easy data

A
  • large

- expert

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32
Q

Advantages of S Data:

• Based on a large amount of information
• Access to _________, feelings, and _________
• Definitional _________
• Causal force
– Efficacy expectations
– Self-verification
• Simple and easy data

A
  • thoughts
  • intentions
  • truth
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33
Q

Advantages of S Data:

• Based on a large amount of information
• Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
• Definitional truth
• _________ force
– Efficacy expectations
– Self-verification
• Simple and easy _________

A
  • Causal

- data

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34
Q

Advantages of S Data:

• Based on a large amount of information
• Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
• Definitional truth
• Causal force
– _________ expectations (produces intended results)
– _____-verification
• Simple and easy data

A
  • Efficacy

- Self

35
Q

_________ of S Data:

•  Maybe people won’t tell you
•  Maybe people can’t tell you 
  – Fish-and-water effect 
  – Active distortion of memory 
  – Lack of self-insight
•  Too simple and too easy
A

Disadvantages

36
Q

Disadvantages of S Data:

•  Maybe people \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tell you
•  Maybe people \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tell you 
  – Fish-and-water effect 
  – Active distortion of memory 
  – Lack of self-insight
•  Too \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and too easy
A
  • won’t
  • can’t
  • simple
37
Q

Disadvantages of S Data:

•  Maybe people won’t tell you
•  Maybe people can’t tell you 
  – Fish-and-water effect 
  – Active \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of memory 
  – Lack of \_\_\_\_\_-insight
•  Too simple and too easy
A
  • distortion

- self

38
Q

_________ Data:

Asking someone who knows them

A

Informant Report (I)

39
Q

Informant Report (I) Data:

•  Acquaintances, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, clinical psychologists, and so on
•  No training or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ needed
•  Based on observing people in whatever
context they know them from
•  Used \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in daily life
A
  • coworkers
  • expertise
  • frequently
40
Q

Informant Report (____) Data

A

I

41
Q

_________ of I Data :

• Based on a large amount of information
• Based on observation of behavior in the real world
• Based on common sense about what behaviors mean
• Definitional truth
• Causal force
– Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
– Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation

A

Advantages

42
Q

Advantages of I Data:

• Based on a large amount of information
• Based on _________ of behavior in the real world
• Based on _________ sense about what behaviors mean
• Definitional _________
• Causal force
– Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
– Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation

A
  • observation
  • common
  • truth
43
Q

Advantages of I Data:

• _________
– Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
– Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation

A

Causal force

44
Q

Advantages of I Data:

• Causal force
– Reputation affects _________ and expectancies
– _________ effects; also called behavioral confirmation

A
  • opportunities

- Expectancy

45
Q

_________ of I Data:

  • Limited behavioral information
  • Lack of access to private experience
  • Error: more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing
  • Bias: due to personal issues or prejudices
A

Disadvantages

46
Q

Disadvantages of I Data:

  • Limited behavioral information
  • Lack of access to _________ experience
  • _________ : more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing
  • Bias: due to personal issues or prejudices
A
  • private

- Error

47
Q

Disadvantages of I Data:

  • Limited behavioral information
  • Lack of access to private experience
  • Error: more likely to remember behaviors that are _________, unusual, or emotionally _________
  • _________: due to personal issues or prejudices
A
  • extreme
  • arousing
  • Bias
48
Q

Life Outcomes (___) Data

A

L

49
Q

Life Outcomes (L) Data:

  • Obtained from _________ records or self-report
  • From_________ media
  • The results, or “_________,” of personality
A
  • archival
  • social
  • residue
50
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of L Data:

• _________ -
– Objective and verifiable
– Intrinsic importance
– Psychological relevance

A

Advantages

51
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of L Data:

• _________ -
– Multidetermination

A

Disadvantage

52
Q

L Data:

• Advantages-
– Objective and _________
– _________ importance
– Psychological relevance

• Disadvantage-
– Multidetermination

A
  • verifiable

- Intrinsic

53
Q

L Data:

• Advantages-
– Objective and verifiable
– Intrinsic importance
– Psychological _________

• Disadvantage-
– _________

A
  • relevance

- Multidetermination

54
Q

Watch What the Person Does: __ Data

A

B

55
Q

Behavioral (B) Data:

• The most visible indication of an individual’s _________ is what she _________

A
  • personality

- does

56
Q

_________ B Data:

  • Based on real life
  • Diary and experience-sampling methods
  • EAR: electronically activated recorder
  • Ambulatory assessment: using computer- assisted methods to assess behavior, thoughts, and feelings
A

Natural

57
Q

Natural B Data:

  • Based on real life
  • Diary and _________-sampling methods
  • _________: electronically activated recorder
  • _________ assessment: using computer- assisted methods to assess behavior, thoughts, and feelings
A
  • experience
  • EAR
  • Ambulatory
58
Q

Natural B Data:

• Advantage -
– _________

• Disadvantages -
– Difficult
– Desired contexts may _________ occur

A
  • Realistic

- seldom

59
Q

_________ B Data:

• Experiments
– Make a situation happen and record behavior
– Examine reactions to situations
– Represent real-life contexts that are difficult to observe directly
• Physiological measures: biological “behavior”

A

Laboratory

60
Q

Laboratory B Data:

• Experiments
– Make a situation happen and _________ behavior
– Examine _________ to situations
– Represent real-life contexts that are difficult to observe directly
• Physiological measures: biological “behavior”

A
  • record

- reactions

61
Q

Laboratory B Data:

• Experiments
– Make a situation happen and record behavior
– Examine reactions to situations
– Represent _________ contexts that are difficult to observe directly
• _________ measures: biological “behavior”

A
  • real-life

- Physiological

62
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of ___ Data:

• Advantages
– Large range of contexts in the lab
– Appearance of objectivity
• But subjective judgments must still be made

• Disadvantages
– Difficult and expensive – Uncertain interpretation

A

B

63
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data:

• _________
– Large range of contexts in the lab
– Appearance of objectivity
• But subjective judgments must still be made

A

Advantages

64
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data:

• _________
– Difficult and expensive – Uncertain interpretation

A

Disadvantages

65
Q

B Data:

• Advantages
– Large range of contexts in the _________
– Appearance of objectivity
• But _________ judgments must still be made

• Disadvantages
– Difficult and expensive – Uncertain _________

A
  • lab
  • subjective
  • interpretation
66
Q

Mixed Types of Data:

  • Data do not always fit into only one _________
  • There is a wide range of possible types of _________
  • Each type has advantages and disadvantages
A
  • category

- data

67
Q

Quality of Data: _________

• Measurement error
– Also called error variance
– The cumulative effect of extraneous influences
• States versus traits

A

Reliability

68
Q

Quality of Data: Reliability

• Measurement error
– Also called error _________
– The cumulative effect of extraneous influences
• States _________ traits

A
  • variance

- versus

69
Q

Quality of Data: _________

• A “slippery” concept
– Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity
– Invokes the idea of “ultimate truth”

A

-Validity

70
Q

Quality of Data Validity:

• A “slippery” concept
– Reliability is necessary but not _________ for validity
– Invokes the idea of “_________”

A
  • sufficient

- ultimate truth

71
Q

Quality of Data: _________

  • The distinction between reliability and validity is regarded as “fuzzy” by some
  • A broader concept than reliability or validity
A

Generalizability

72
Q

Quality of Data: Generalizability

  • The distinction between reliability and validity is regarded as “_______” by some
  • A _________ concept than reliability or validity
A
  • fuzzy

- broader

73
Q

Quality of Data: Generalizability:

•  Generalizability over participants 
  – College students versus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  
  – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bias
  – Shows versus no-shows
  – Ethnic and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ diversity
A
  • others
  • Gender
  • cultural
74
Q

Research Design: _________

• Can yield explanations of particular events, general lessons, and scientific principles

A

Case Method

75
Q

Research Design: Case Method

• _________
– Describes the whole phenomenon
– Source for ideas
– Sometimes necessary for understanding an individual

A

Advantages

76
Q

Research Design: Case Method

• _________
– Unknown generalizability
– No control

A

Disadvantages

77
Q

Research Design: Case Method

• Advantages
– Describes the whole phenomenon
– Source for _________
– Sometimes necessary for understanding an _________

• Disadvantages
– Unknown generalizability
– No _________

A
  • ideas
  • individual
  • control
78
Q

Research Design: _________

• Definition: a research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an independent variable (x) and a dependent variable (y) by randomly assigning par,cipants to experimental groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior y that results in each group

A
  • Experimental Method
79
Q

Research Design: Experimental Method

• Definition: a research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an _________ variable (x) and a _________ variable (y) by randomly assigning participants to _________ groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior y that results in each group

A
  • independent
  • dependent
  • experimental
80
Q

Research Design: _________

• Test differences between groups with statistical tests to determine if the difference is larger than would be expected by chance

A

Experimental Method

81
Q

Research Design: _________

  • Scatter plot
  • Correlation coefficient
A

Correlational Method

82
Q

Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods

  • Both attempt to assess the relationship between two _________
  • The statistics (with two groups) are _________
  • The experimental method manipulates the presumed causal variable, and the correlational method measures it
A
  • variables

- interchangeable

83
Q

Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods

• The experimental method _________ the presumed causal variable, and the correlational method _________ it

A
  • manipulates

- measures

84
Q

Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods

• Only experiments can assess _________
• Reasons for not knowing causal direction in correlational studies
– _________ problem – Unknown direction of cause

A
  • causality

- Third-variable

Psyc of Personality 336 (19 decks)

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