Exam 1 - Section 1 (9/8) Flashcards
Psychological triad - how people _________, _________, and _________
think, feel and behave
Theoretical view = _________
paradigm
Definition of Personality:
An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of _________, _________, and _________
thinking, feeling, and behaving
_________ :
An individual’s unique and relatively consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving
Definition of Personality
The Goals of Personality Psychology:
Explain the _________ in his or her daily _________
- whole person
- environment
Basic Approaches to Personality:
_________ approach: how people differ
psychologically
Trait
Basic Approaches to Personality:
_________ approach: understand the mind in terms of the body (physiological responses)
Biological
Basic Approaches to Personality:
_________ approach: primary concern is with the unconscious mind and internal mental conflict
Psychoanalytic
Basic Approaches to Personality:
_________ approach: focus on people’s conscious experience of the world
Phenomenological
Basic Approaches to Personality:
—Phenomenological approach:
_________: how conscious awareness produces uniquely human aFributes; understand meaning and basis of happiness
Humanistic
Basic Approaches to Personality:
—Phenomenological approach:
_________: how the experience of reality varies across cultures
Cross-cultural
Basic Approaches to Personality:
_________ approach-
- Humanistic
- Cross-cultural
Phenomenological
Basic Approaches to Personality:
—Phenomenological approach:
_________: The person as a whole, what you think, how concious you are regarding yourself
Humanistic
Basic Approaches to Personality:
_________ approach:
how behavior changes as a result of rewards, punishments, and other life experiences
Learning and cognitive
Basic Approaches to Personality:
–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : learning through observa,on and self-evaluation
Social learning
Basic Approaches to Personality:
–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : focuses on cognitive processes including perception, memory, and thought
Cognitive personality
Basic Approaches to Personality:
–Learning and cognitive:
_________ : focuses on overt behavior
Classic behaviorism
Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology
• Goal is to account for the _________ person and _________ concerns
– Advantage: inclusive, interesting, and important
– Disadvantage: overinclusiveness or unfocused research
- whole
- real-life
Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology
• Goal is to account for the whole person and real-life concerns
– Advantage: ________ , interesting, and _________
– Disadvantage: overinclusiveness or unfocused research
- inclusive
- important
Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology
• Goal is to account for the whole person and real-life concerns
– Advantage: inclusive, interesting, and important
– Disadvantage: _________ or unfocused _________
- overinclusiveness
- research
Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology:
_________ approaches
– Advantage: good at addressing certain topics
– Disadvantage: poor at addressing other topics or ignores them
Basic
Advantages and Disadvantages of Personality Psychology:
Basic approaches
– Advantage: good at addressing _________ topics
– Disadvantage: poor at addressing other topics or _________ them
- certain
- ignores
• Other areas of psychology treat all people as if they were the _________
• Personality psychologists emphasize _________ differences
– Negative: pigeonholing
– Positive: leads to sensitivity and respect for individual differences
- same
- individual
• Other areas of psychology treat all people as if they were the same
• Personality psychologists emphasize individual differences
– Negative: _________
– Positive: leads to _________ and respect for _________ differences
- pigeonholing
- sensitivity
- individual
_________ :
There are no perfect indicators of per- sonality; there are only clues, and clues are always ambiguous
Funder’s Second Law
Funder’s Second Law:
There are no perfect indicators of _________; there are only clues, and clues are always _________
- personality
- ambiguous
Funder’s Second Law:
Psychologist’s job: put together the _________
clues
_________ :
Something beats nothing, two times out of three
Funder’s Third Law
_________ : Self-Judgments or Self-Reports
- Usually _________ or surveys
- Most frequent data source
- High face validity (Measures what it appears to measure)
- S Data
- questionnaires
S Data: Self-Judgments or Self-Reports
- Usually questionnaires or surveys
- Most _________ data source
- High _________ (Measures what it appears to measure)
- frequent
- face validity
Advantages of S Data:
• Based on a _________ amount of information
– You are always with yourself
– People are usually their own best _________
• Access to thoughts, feelings, and inten,ons • Definitional truth
• Causal force
– Efficacy expectations
– Self-verification
• Simple and easy data
- large
- expert
Advantages of S Data:
• Based on a large amount of information
• Access to _________, feelings, and _________
• Definitional _________
• Causal force
– Efficacy expectations
– Self-verification
• Simple and easy data
- thoughts
- intentions
- truth
Advantages of S Data:
• Based on a large amount of information
• Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
• Definitional truth
• _________ force
– Efficacy expectations
– Self-verification
• Simple and easy _________
- Causal
- data
Advantages of S Data:
• Based on a large amount of information
• Access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
• Definitional truth
• Causal force
– _________ expectations (produces intended results)
– _____-verification
• Simple and easy data
- Efficacy
- Self
_________ of S Data:
• Maybe people won’t tell you • Maybe people can’t tell you – Fish-and-water effect – Active distortion of memory – Lack of self-insight • Too simple and too easy
Disadvantages
Disadvantages of S Data:
• Maybe people \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tell you • Maybe people \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tell you – Fish-and-water effect – Active distortion of memory – Lack of self-insight • Too \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and too easy
- won’t
- can’t
- simple
Disadvantages of S Data:
• Maybe people won’t tell you • Maybe people can’t tell you – Fish-and-water effect – Active \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of memory – Lack of \_\_\_\_\_-insight • Too simple and too easy
- distortion
- self
_________ Data:
Asking someone who knows them
Informant Report (I)
Informant Report (I) Data:
• Acquaintances, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, clinical psychologists, and so on • No training or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ needed • Based on observing people in whatever context they know them from • Used \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in daily life
- coworkers
- expertise
- frequently
Informant Report (____) Data
I
_________ of I Data :
• Based on a large amount of information
• Based on observation of behavior in the real world
• Based on common sense about what behaviors mean
• Definitional truth
• Causal force
– Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
– Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation
Advantages
Advantages of I Data:
• Based on a large amount of information
• Based on _________ of behavior in the real world
• Based on _________ sense about what behaviors mean
• Definitional _________
• Causal force
– Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
– Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation
- observation
- common
- truth
Advantages of I Data:
• _________
– Reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
– Expectancy effects; also called behavioral confirmation
Causal force
Advantages of I Data:
• Causal force
– Reputation affects _________ and expectancies
– _________ effects; also called behavioral confirmation
- opportunities
- Expectancy
_________ of I Data:
- Limited behavioral information
- Lack of access to private experience
- Error: more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing
- Bias: due to personal issues or prejudices
Disadvantages
Disadvantages of I Data:
- Limited behavioral information
- Lack of access to _________ experience
- _________ : more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing
- Bias: due to personal issues or prejudices
- private
- Error
Disadvantages of I Data:
- Limited behavioral information
- Lack of access to private experience
- Error: more likely to remember behaviors that are _________, unusual, or emotionally _________
- _________: due to personal issues or prejudices
- extreme
- arousing
- Bias
Life Outcomes (___) Data
L
Life Outcomes (L) Data:
- Obtained from _________ records or self-report
- From_________ media
- The results, or “_________,” of personality
- archival
- social
- residue
Advantages and Disadvantages of L Data:
• _________ -
– Objective and verifiable
– Intrinsic importance
– Psychological relevance
Advantages
Advantages and Disadvantages of L Data:
• _________ -
– Multidetermination
Disadvantage
L Data:
• Advantages-
– Objective and _________
– _________ importance
– Psychological relevance
• Disadvantage-
– Multidetermination
- verifiable
- Intrinsic
L Data:
• Advantages-
– Objective and verifiable
– Intrinsic importance
– Psychological _________
• Disadvantage-
– _________
- relevance
- Multidetermination
Watch What the Person Does: __ Data
B
Behavioral (B) Data:
• The most visible indication of an individual’s _________ is what she _________
- personality
- does
_________ B Data:
- Based on real life
- Diary and experience-sampling methods
- EAR: electronically activated recorder
- Ambulatory assessment: using computer- assisted methods to assess behavior, thoughts, and feelings
Natural
Natural B Data:
- Based on real life
- Diary and _________-sampling methods
- _________: electronically activated recorder
- _________ assessment: using computer- assisted methods to assess behavior, thoughts, and feelings
- experience
- EAR
- Ambulatory
Natural B Data:
• Advantage -
– _________
• Disadvantages -
– Difficult
– Desired contexts may _________ occur
- Realistic
- seldom
_________ B Data:
• Experiments
– Make a situation happen and record behavior
– Examine reactions to situations
– Represent real-life contexts that are difficult to observe directly
• Physiological measures: biological “behavior”
Laboratory
Laboratory B Data:
• Experiments
– Make a situation happen and _________ behavior
– Examine _________ to situations
– Represent real-life contexts that are difficult to observe directly
• Physiological measures: biological “behavior”
- record
- reactions
Laboratory B Data:
• Experiments
– Make a situation happen and record behavior
– Examine reactions to situations
– Represent _________ contexts that are difficult to observe directly
• _________ measures: biological “behavior”
- real-life
- Physiological
Advantages and Disadvantages of ___ Data:
• Advantages
– Large range of contexts in the lab
– Appearance of objectivity
• But subjective judgments must still be made
• Disadvantages
– Difficult and expensive – Uncertain interpretation
B
Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data:
• _________
– Large range of contexts in the lab
– Appearance of objectivity
• But subjective judgments must still be made
Advantages
Advantages and Disadvantages of B Data:
• _________
– Difficult and expensive – Uncertain interpretation
Disadvantages
B Data:
• Advantages
– Large range of contexts in the _________
– Appearance of objectivity
• But _________ judgments must still be made
• Disadvantages
– Difficult and expensive – Uncertain _________
- lab
- subjective
- interpretation
Mixed Types of Data:
- Data do not always fit into only one _________
- There is a wide range of possible types of _________
- Each type has advantages and disadvantages
- category
- data
Quality of Data: _________
• Measurement error
– Also called error variance
– The cumulative effect of extraneous influences
• States versus traits
Reliability
Quality of Data: Reliability
• Measurement error
– Also called error _________
– The cumulative effect of extraneous influences
• States _________ traits
- variance
- versus
Quality of Data: _________
• A “slippery” concept
– Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity
– Invokes the idea of “ultimate truth”
-Validity
Quality of Data Validity:
• A “slippery” concept
– Reliability is necessary but not _________ for validity
– Invokes the idea of “_________”
- sufficient
- ultimate truth
Quality of Data: _________
- The distinction between reliability and validity is regarded as “fuzzy” by some
- A broader concept than reliability or validity
Generalizability
Quality of Data: Generalizability
- The distinction between reliability and validity is regarded as “_______” by some
- A _________ concept than reliability or validity
- fuzzy
- broader
Quality of Data: Generalizability:
• Generalizability over participants – College students versus \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bias – Shows versus no-shows – Ethnic and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ diversity
- others
- Gender
- cultural
Research Design: _________
• Can yield explanations of particular events, general lessons, and scientific principles
Case Method
Research Design: Case Method
• _________
– Describes the whole phenomenon
– Source for ideas
– Sometimes necessary for understanding an individual
Advantages
Research Design: Case Method
• _________
– Unknown generalizability
– No control
Disadvantages
Research Design: Case Method
• Advantages
– Describes the whole phenomenon
– Source for _________
– Sometimes necessary for understanding an _________
• Disadvantages
– Unknown generalizability
– No _________
- ideas
- individual
- control
Research Design: _________
• Definition: a research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an independent variable (x) and a dependent variable (y) by randomly assigning par,cipants to experimental groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior y that results in each group
- Experimental Method
Research Design: Experimental Method
• Definition: a research technique that establishes the causal relationship between an _________ variable (x) and a _________ variable (y) by randomly assigning participants to _________ groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior y that results in each group
- independent
- dependent
- experimental
Research Design: _________
• Test differences between groups with statistical tests to determine if the difference is larger than would be expected by chance
Experimental Method
Research Design: _________
- Scatter plot
- Correlation coefficient
Correlational Method
Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods
- Both attempt to assess the relationship between two _________
- The statistics (with two groups) are _________
- The experimental method manipulates the presumed causal variable, and the correlational method measures it
- variables
- interchangeable
Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods
• The experimental method _________ the presumed causal variable, and the correlational method _________ it
- manipulates
- measures
Research Design: Comparing the Experimental and Correlational Methods
• Only experiments can assess _________
• Reasons for not knowing causal direction in correlational studies
– _________ problem – Unknown direction of cause
- causality
- Third-variable
