Exam 1 - Section 5 (9/22) Flashcards
-Attachment Theory-
_________ : observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s)
– Concluded that early social a”achment between an infant and a caretaker is essenGal for normal social development
– Determined that babies and mothers have an innate tendency to form an attachment
John Bowlby
-Attachment Theory-
John Bowlby observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s)
– Concluded that early social _________ between an infant and a caretaker is essential for normal social _________
– Determined that babies and mothers have an innate tendency to form an attachment
- attachment
- development
-Attachment Theory-
John Bowlby observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s)
– Concluded that early social attachment between an infant and a caretaker is essenGal for normal social development
– Determined that _________ and mothers have an _________ tendency to form an attachment
- babies
- innate
-Attachment Theory-
_________ : continued Bowlby’s research
– Proposed that infants attachment to a caregiver differs in
the degree of security in the attachment
– Differences in security of attachment influence personality and social relaGonships in infancy and beyond
Mary Ainsworth
-Attachment Theory-
Mary Ainsworth continued Bowlby’s research
– Proposed that _________ attachment to a caregiver differs in the degree of _________ in the attachment
– Differences in security of attachment influence personality and social relaGonships in infancy and beyond
- infants
- security
-Attachment Theory-
Mary Ainsworth continued Bowlby’s research
– Proposed that infants attachment to a caregiver differs in the degree of security in the attachment
– _________ in security of attachment influence personality and social _________ in infancy and beyond
- Differences
- relationships
Why attachments develop:
• Protect infant from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – evolutionary theory • enhances likelihood of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and reproduction • Promotes comfort – appropriate stress responses • can function better
- danger
- survival
Why attachments develop:
• Protect infant from danger – evolutionary theory • enhances likelihood of survival and reproduction • Promotes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – appropriate stress responses • can \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ better
- comfort
- function
-Attachment Theory-
• Infants need a secure _________ (i.e. are able to trust) their primary _________
– A Secure Attachment leads to subsequent healthy development
– An Insecure Attachment leads to unhealthy development
• Attachment style affects relationships throughout life
- base
- caregiver
-Attachment Theory-
• Infants need a secure base (i.e. are able to trust) their primary caregiver
– A Secure Attachment leads to subsequent _________ development
– An _________ Attachment leads to unhealthy development
• _________ style affects relationships throughout life
- healthy
- Insecure
- Attachment
-Attachment Theory-
• _________ : A responsive caregiver provides security to explore the environment
– Appropriate _________ response: child explores strange environment using caregiver as base
– Inappropriate response: Less likely to use caregiver as base, more insecure.
- Secure base
- caregiver
-Attachment Theory-
• Secure base: A responsive caregiver provides security to explore the environment
– Appropriate caregiver response: child explores strange environment using caregiver as base
– _________ response: Less likely to use caregiver as base, more _________ .
- Inappropriate
- insecure
-Attachment Theory-
_________
– Typically the infant s mother
– May include others who respond to an infant s needs
Caregiver
_________ :
Experimental task for infants
– Infant, parent, and experimenter go into a laboratory room
– _________ episodes of about three minutes apiece are used to determine the security of the infant s a”achment to the parent
- Strange Situation
- Eight
_________ Attachment:
Explore environment with parent, distressed when parent leaves, delighted when parent returns
-Secure
_________ Attachment:
– Resistant: Clings to parent, cries when the parent leaves, angry when returns
– Avoidant: Not care if mother leaves and ignores the parent upon return
Insecure
Insecure Attachment:
– _________ : Clings to parent, cries when the parent leaves, angry when returns
– _________ : Not care if mother leaves and ignores the parent upon return
- Resistant
- Avoidant
Critical time period for attachment formation = _________
0-6 months
-Attachment Styles-
_________ : Belief that the caregiver will protect and provide for them
Securely Attached
-Attachment Styles-
_________ : Belief that the caregiver will not protect or provide. The caregiver is not a safe haven in stressful circumstances
Insecure-Avoidant
-Attachment Styles-
Insecure-Avoidant: Belief that the caregiver will not protect or provide. The caregiver is not a safe haven in stressful circumstances – Does not protest at parents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – Responds the same to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the parent, or more positively to the stranger – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ parent upon return – 20% of middle-class American infants
- departure
- stranger
- Avoid
-Attachment Styles-
_________ : Uncertainty about whether the parent will protect or provide safety in stressful circumstances
Insecure-Resistant
-Attachment Styles-
Insecure-Resistant: Uncertainty about whether the parent will protect or provide safety in stressful circumstances
– Remain _________ to parent. Refuse to explore the new environment
– _________ at separation of parent
– Mixture of approach and _________ when reunited
– 10% of middle-class American infants
- close
- Distressed
- avoidance
-Attachment Styles-
Attachment depends on:
– Caregiver’s sensitivity to the infant’s _________
needs
Attachment depends on:
- Children are less likely to develop a secure attachment if they are raised in an _________
- Parents living in _________ tend to provide less sensitive environments
- Sensitivity to infants can be _________ to mothers, that then leads to a higher probability of secure attachment (Van den Boom, 1994)
- orphanage
- poverty
- taught
-Attachment Styles-
Family stress
• Infants exposed to verbally aggressive fighting among their parents form more _________ attachments
insecure
Attachment depends on:
– Parental _________
• Depressed mothers tend to have lower quality _________ with their infants
- psychopathology
- interactions
Attachment depends on:
– Infant’s _________
• If an infant is irritable and the mother has no social support, then the child is more likely to develop an _________ attachment
- temperament
- insecure
Stability of Attachment Styles:
• Securely attached infants in stable middle- class American families tend to remain securely attached through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ years of age – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ life events may cause the attachment style to change • Attachment styles are not as stable with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ families
- two
- Stressful
- dysfunctional
Attachment Styles:
An infant’s attachment style to a caregiver predicts:
– Effective social functioning during childhood and _________ – Sociability through early, middle, and late adulthood
– Self-esteem
– School grades
– _________ sexual activity
– Quality of a”achment to their own children
– Actudes toward their own _________
- adolescence
- Teenage
- children
Attachment Figures
• Those who will serve as attachment figures for children are:
– The ones who are most responsive to _________ and to interact socially.
• Those who will serve as attachment figures for adults are:
– The ones who are most responsive to _________ and to social interaction
- crying
- anxiety/fear
Adult Attachment
• From our childhood experiences we develop schemas that are concerned with _________ of others and the worth or _________ of self.
• These schemes are easily maintained across time into adulthood as they are reinforced over and over again.
• In the literature these schemas are referred to as attachment styles.
- dependability
- lovableness
Adult Attachment
• From our childhood experiences we develop schemas that are concerned with dependability of others and the worth or lovableness of self.
• These schemes are easily _________ across time into adulthood as they are _________ over and over again.
• In the literature these schemas are referred to as _________ styles.
- maintained
- reinforced
- attachment
Attachment Styles:
_________ :
- Fearful- Tend to recognize their need for others but avoid others and frame them as untrustworthy.
- Dismissing- Tend to deny their need for attachment and frame others as untrustworthy.
Avoidant
Attachment Styles:
Avoidant:
- _________ - Tend to recognize their need for others but avoid others and frame them as untrustworthy.
- _________ - Tend to deny their need for attachment and frame others as untrustworthy.
- Fearful
- Dismissing
Attachment Styles:
_________ ;
– Tend to cling to attachment figures or aggressively demand reassurance, often fearing that they are somehow deficient or unlovable.
Anxious/preoccupied
Attachment Styles:
_________
– Tend to believe that others are reliable and see themselves as lovable and worthy of care.
Secure
Attachment issues and Personality Disorders:
• Large body of research indicates connection:
– _________ attachment = dependent / histrionic PD
– _________ attachment = Antisocial / schizotypal PD
- Anxious
- Avoidant
Attachment issues and Personality Disorders:
• Large body of research indicates connection:
– Anxious attachment = _________ / histrionic PD
– Avoidant attachment = _________ / schizotypal PD
- dependent
- Antisocial
Different types of attachments can cause:
Biophysical and _________ differences
Neurocognitive
