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Psyc of Personality 336 > Exam 1 - Section 5 (9/22) > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Section 5 (9/22) Flashcards

1
Q

-Attachment Theory-

_________ : observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s)
– Concluded that early social a”achment between an infant and a caretaker is essenGal for normal social development
– Determined that babies and mothers have an innate tendency to form an attachment

A

John Bowlby

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2
Q

-Attachment Theory-

John Bowlby observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s)
– Concluded that early social _________ between an infant and a caretaker is essential for normal social _________
– Determined that babies and mothers have an innate tendency to form an attachment

A
  • attachment

- development

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3
Q

-Attachment Theory-

John Bowlby observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s)
– Concluded that early social attachment between an infant and a caretaker is essenGal for normal social development
– Determined that _________ and mothers have an _________ tendency to form an attachment

A
  • babies

- innate

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4
Q

-Attachment Theory-

_________ : continued Bowlby’s research
– Proposed that infants attachment to a caregiver differs in
the degree of security in the attachment
– Differences in security of attachment influence personality and social relaGonships in infancy and beyond

A

Mary Ainsworth

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5
Q

-Attachment Theory-

Mary Ainsworth continued Bowlby’s research
– Proposed that _________ attachment to a caregiver differs in the degree of _________ in the attachment
– Differences in security of attachment influence personality and social relaGonships in infancy and beyond

A
  • infants

- security

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6
Q

-Attachment Theory-

Mary Ainsworth continued Bowlby’s research
– Proposed that infants attachment to a caregiver differs in the degree of security in the attachment
– _________ in security of attachment influence personality and social _________ in infancy and beyond

A
  • Differences

- relationships

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7
Q

Why attachments develop:

•  Protect infant from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
  – evolutionary theory
•  enhances likelihood of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and reproduction
•  Promotes comfort
  – appropriate stress responses 
•  can function better
A
  • danger

- survival

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8
Q

Why attachments develop:

•  Protect infant from danger
  – evolutionary theory
•  enhances likelihood of survival and reproduction
•  Promotes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
  – appropriate stress responses 
•  can \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  better
A
  • comfort

- function

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9
Q

-Attachment Theory-

• Infants need a secure _________ (i.e. are able to trust) their primary _________
– A Secure Attachment leads to subsequent healthy development
– An Insecure Attachment leads to unhealthy development
• Attachment style affects relationships throughout life

A
  • base

- caregiver

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10
Q

-Attachment Theory-

• Infants need a secure base (i.e. are able to trust) their primary caregiver
– A Secure Attachment leads to subsequent _________ development
– An _________ Attachment leads to unhealthy development
• _________ style affects relationships throughout life

A
  • healthy
  • Insecure
  • Attachment
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11
Q

-Attachment Theory-

• _________ : A responsive caregiver provides security to explore the environment
– Appropriate _________ response: child explores strange environment using caregiver as base
– Inappropriate response: Less likely to use caregiver as base, more insecure.

A
  • Secure base

- caregiver

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12
Q

-Attachment Theory-

• Secure base: A responsive caregiver provides security to explore the environment
– Appropriate caregiver response: child explores strange environment using caregiver as base
– _________ response: Less likely to use caregiver as base, more _________ .

A
  • Inappropriate

- insecure

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13
Q

-Attachment Theory-

_________
– Typically the infant s mother
– May include others who respond to an infant s needs

A

Caregiver

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14
Q

_________ :

Experimental task for infants
– Infant, parent, and experimenter go into a laboratory room
– _________ episodes of about three minutes apiece are used to determine the security of the infant s a”achment to the parent

A
  • Strange Situation

- Eight

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15
Q

_________ Attachment:

Explore environment with parent, distressed when parent leaves, delighted when parent returns

A

-Secure

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16
Q

_________ Attachment:

– Resistant: Clings to parent, cries when the parent leaves, angry when returns
– Avoidant: Not care if mother leaves and ignores the parent upon return

A

Insecure

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17
Q

Insecure Attachment:

– _________ : Clings to parent, cries when the parent leaves, angry when returns

– _________ : Not care if mother leaves and ignores the parent upon return

A
  • Resistant

- Avoidant

18
Q

Critical time period for attachment formation = _________

A

0-6 months

19
Q

-Attachment Styles-

_________ : Belief that the caregiver will protect and provide for them

A

Securely Attached

20
Q

-Attachment Styles-

_________ : Belief that the caregiver will not protect or provide. The caregiver is not a safe haven in stressful circumstances

A

Insecure-Avoidant

21
Q

-Attachment Styles-

Insecure-Avoidant: Belief that the caregiver will not protect or provide. The caregiver is not a safe haven in stressful circumstances
–  Does not protest at parents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
–  Responds the same to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the parent, or more positively to the stranger
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  parent upon return
–  20% of middle-class American infants
A
  • departure
  • stranger
  • Avoid
22
Q

-Attachment Styles-

_________ : Uncertainty about whether the parent will protect or provide safety in stressful circumstances

A

Insecure-Resistant

23
Q

-Attachment Styles-

Insecure-Resistant: Uncertainty about whether the parent will protect or provide safety in stressful circumstances

– Remain _________ to parent. Refuse to explore the new environment
– _________ at separation of parent
– Mixture of approach and _________ when reunited
– 10% of middle-class American infants

A
  • close
  • Distressed
  • avoidance
24
Q

-Attachment Styles-

Attachment depends on:
– Caregiver’s sensitivity to the infant’s _________

A

needs

25
Q

Attachment depends on:

  • Children are less likely to develop a secure attachment if they are raised in an _________
  • Parents living in _________ tend to provide less sensitive environments
  • Sensitivity to infants can be _________ to mothers, that then leads to a higher probability of secure attachment (Van den Boom, 1994)
A
  • orphanage
  • poverty
  • taught
26
Q

-Attachment Styles-

Family stress
• Infants exposed to verbally aggressive fighting among their parents form more _________ attachments

A

insecure

27
Q

Attachment depends on:

– Parental _________
• Depressed mothers tend to have lower quality _________ with their infants

A
  • psychopathology

- interactions

28
Q

Attachment depends on:

– Infant’s _________
• If an infant is irritable and the mother has no social support, then the child is more likely to develop an _________ attachment

A
  • temperament

- insecure

29
Q

Stability of Attachment Styles:

•  Securely attached infants in stable middle- class American families tend to remain securely attached through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  years of age
– \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  life events may cause the attachment style to change
•  Attachment styles are not as stable with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  families
A
  • two
  • Stressful
  • dysfunctional
30
Q

Attachment Styles:

An infant’s attachment style to a caregiver predicts:
– Effective social functioning during childhood and _________ – Sociability through early, middle, and late adulthood
– Self-esteem
– School grades
– _________ sexual activity
– Quality of a”achment to their own children
– Actudes toward their own _________

A
  • adolescence
  • Teenage
  • children
31
Q

Attachment Figures
• Those who will serve as attachment figures for children are:
– The ones who are most responsive to _________ and to interact socially.
• Those who will serve as attachment figures for adults are:
– The ones who are most responsive to _________ and to social interaction

A
  • crying

- anxiety/fear

32
Q

Adult Attachment
• From our childhood experiences we develop schemas that are concerned with _________ of others and the worth or _________ of self.
• These schemes are easily maintained across time into adulthood as they are reinforced over and over again.
• In the literature these schemas are referred to as attachment styles.

A
  • dependability

- lovableness

33
Q

Adult Attachment
• From our childhood experiences we develop schemas that are concerned with dependability of others and the worth or lovableness of self.
• These schemes are easily _________ across time into adulthood as they are _________ over and over again.
• In the literature these schemas are referred to as _________ styles.

A
  • maintained
  • reinforced
  • attachment
34
Q

Attachment Styles:

_________ :

  • Fearful- Tend to recognize their need for others but avoid others and frame them as untrustworthy.
  • Dismissing- Tend to deny their need for attachment and frame others as untrustworthy.
A

Avoidant

35
Q

Attachment Styles:

Avoidant:

  • _________ - Tend to recognize their need for others but avoid others and frame them as untrustworthy.
  • _________ - Tend to deny their need for attachment and frame others as untrustworthy.
A
  • Fearful

- Dismissing

36
Q

Attachment Styles:

_________ ;
– Tend to cling to attachment figures or aggressively demand reassurance, often fearing that they are somehow deficient or unlovable.

A

Anxious/preoccupied

37
Q

Attachment Styles:

_________

– Tend to believe that others are reliable and see themselves as lovable and worthy of care.

A

Secure

38
Q

Attachment issues and Personality Disorders:

• Large body of research indicates connection:

– _________ attachment = dependent / histrionic PD

– _________ attachment = Antisocial / schizotypal PD

A
  • Anxious

- Avoidant

39
Q

Attachment issues and Personality Disorders:

• Large body of research indicates connection:

– Anxious attachment = _________ / histrionic PD

– Avoidant attachment = _________ / schizotypal PD

A
  • dependent

- Antisocial

40
Q

Different types of attachments can cause:

Biophysical and _________ differences

A

Neurocognitive

Psyc of Personality 336 (19 decks)

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