Exam 4 Part 3 Flashcards
Trachea
windpipe
connects larynx to bronchi; anterior to esophagus
tracheal cartilage; “C” shape, closed posteriorly by trachealis muscle
lined by pseudostratified columnar ET cells with goblet cells
also: smooth muscle, CT., ligaments
trachealis muscle
closes tracheal cartilage posteriorly
bronchial tree
trachae divides -> series of smaller and smaller tubes
contain cartilage (decrease amounts) and smooth muscle
trachea -> 1o bronchi (enter lungs)
2o bronchi
lobar bronchi
2 left; 3 right
3o bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
< 1 mm diameter; no cartilage
alveolar ducts
end in alveolar sacs
alveoli
functional units of respiratory system -gas exchange
wall comprised of 2 cell types
alveolar macrophages
many blood capillaries
alveolar type I cells
simple squamous epithelial cells; respiratory
alveolar type II cells
surfactant or septal cells
scattered among type I cells along inner surface of each alveolus
produce pulmonary surfactant (lipid protein) that makes gas exhange easier
respiratory membrane
thin wall between alveolar lumen and blood
gas exchange occurs over this
plasma membrane of both alveolar type I cells and capillary endothelial cells
lungs
covered by pleural-serous membranes (visceral and parietal, pleural cavity)
include bronchi and smaller tubes, nerves, blood vessels; enter lungs at hilum
left smaller, fits around heart; 2 lobes
right; largers, 3 lobes
each lob subdivided into brachial segments and lobules
digestive system functions
ingestion digestion propulsion secretion absorption elimination/defication
ingestion
take food into mouth and direct inwards
digestion
mechanical and chemical mastication
propulsion
peristalsis and segmentation
digestive system components
- tube- alimentary canal
2. accessory organs
oral cavity
mouth lined by stratified squamous ET tongue bolus salivary glands teeth
tongue
accessory digestive organ; speech
skeletal muscle
attaches to hyoid bone; lingual tonsils (at base)
papillae
papillae
elevations, taste budes, move food
bolus
food
salivary glands
(accessory dig. organs) amylase
produce saliva
3 main pairs
salivary gland pairs
parotid- by ear; largest “mumps”
submandibular - below jaw, produce most saliva
sublingual-below tongue
esophagus
pharynx to stomach
collapsible, posterior to trachae
esophageal hiatus -opening through diaphragm
stratified squamous ET -muscle
