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DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function > Exam 3 Alimentary canal > Flashcards

Exam 3 Alimentary canal Flashcards

1
Q

The alimentary canal is the _____ portion of the GI tract

A

Tubular

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2
Q

What is the alimentary canal a continuation of?

A

oral cavity

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3
Q

What happens to food in the alimentary canal?

A
  • churned
  • liquefied
  • digested
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4
Q

_____ and ____ is absorbed in the alimentary canal

A

Nutrients and water

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5
Q

Indigestible components are:

A

Eliminated (feces)

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6
Q

How long is the alimentary canal?

A

9 meters

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7
Q

What are the morphological regions of the alimentary canal?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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8
Q

What are the portions of the stomach?

A

Cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus

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9
Q

Small intestine is made up of what components?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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10
Q

Components of the large intestine

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
  • appendix
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11
Q

From inside to out,

What is the general plan of the alimentary canal?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis Externa
  • Adventitia/serosa

organized in tubular structure

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12
Q

The alimentary canal has the same ____ throughout, with some ____

A

“plan”; regional differences

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13
Q

What makes up the mucosa of the GI tract/alimentary canal?

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
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14
Q

Where are glands found in the mucosa of the GI tract?

A

Lamina propria

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15
Q

What layer of the GI tract mucosa is highly vascular and contains lymph vessels and loose CT?

A

Lamina propria

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16
Q

Functions of the alimentary canal mucosa

A
  • barrier
  • secretory
  • absorptive
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17
Q

The lumen of the GI is continuous with the:

A

Environment

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18
Q

The muscularis mucosa is composed of:

A
  • smooth muscle
  • inner circular and outer longitudinal
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19
Q

GI submucosa is composed of what kind of connective tissue?

A
  • dense
  • irregular
  • fibroelastic
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20
Q

Are there glands in the submucosa?

A

No (except esophagus and duodenum)

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21
Q

Meissner’s submucosal plexus is found in:

A

Submucosa of the GI tract (within submucosal CT)

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22
Q

Meissner’s submucosal plexus controls what?

A
  • motility of mucosa
  • secretory activity of glands
  • blood flow
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23
Q

What are the layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?

A
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
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24
Q

Contraction in the muscularis externa produces:

A

Propulsion/peristalsis

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25
Q

Where is Auerbach’s myenteric plexus found?

A

Between inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

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26
Q

Auerbach’s myenteric plexus regulates:

A

Muscle activity

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27
Q

Inner circular smooth muscle is seen from a ____ profile

A

longitudinal

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28
Q

Outer longitudinal smooth muscle is seen from a ____ profile

A

Cross section

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29
Q

What is the function of adventitia?

A

Adheres/anchors organs together

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30
Q

What is the function of serosa?

A

Allows organs to slide past one another

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31
Q

Intraperitoneal contains:

A
  • serosa
  • simple squamous epithelium
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32
Q

Retroperitoneal contains:

A
  • adventitia
  • dense, irregular CT that adheres to body wall
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33
Q

What innervates the GI tract?

A
  • autonomic nervous system
  • enteric nervous system
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34
Q

What are the components of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
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35
Q

What are the components of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • Meissner’s submucosal plecus
  • Auerbach’s myenteric plexus
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36
Q

True or false: the enteric nervous system can control the GI tract independent of the ANS

A

True

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37
Q

Where is Auerbach’s Myenteric Plexus located?

A

Between smooth muscle layers of muscularis externa

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38
Q

Auerbach’s Myenteric Plexus contains:

A

Nerve fibers and cell bodies

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39
Q

Auerbach’s Myenteric Plexus is ____ plexus that extends from the ____ to the ____

A

One; esophagus to anus

monitors entire GI tract

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40
Q

Large neuronal cell bodies and satellite cells are found in:

A

Auerbach’s Myenteric Plexus

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41
Q

_____ is important for local control of the GI tract

A

Meissner’s Submucosal Plexus

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42
Q

The esophagus is a _____ tube

A

Muscular

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43
Q

How long is the esophagus?

A

25 cm

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44
Q

Functions of the esophagus

A
  • receives food from the pharynx
  • discharges food to the stomach
  • prevents retrograde flow of gastric acid
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45
Q

The tunica in the esophagus is clearly evident, containint:

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • tunica muscularis externa
  • lumen
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46
Q

True or false: the esophagus closes during swallowing

A

False - opens to receive bolus

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47
Q

The esophagus is _____ - contains puckered folds, collapsed

A

Distensible

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48
Q

The esophageal mucosa has 3 layers, which are:

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
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49
Q

Esophageal mucosa epithelium contains:

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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50
Q

Esophageal mucosa lamina propria contains:

A
  • fibroelastic
  • esophageal cardiac glands
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51
Q

Where are esophageal cardiac glands located?

A

Near pharynx, stomach

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52
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands produce:

A

Mucus

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53
Q

Esophageal mucosa - describe the muscularis mucosa

A
  • Only a single layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle
  • becomes thicker near stomach
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54
Q

Esophageal mucosa is classified as either:

A
  • unremarkable
  • remarkable
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55
Q

Describe unremarkable esophageal submucosa

A
  • dense, fibroelastic CT
  • contains Meissner’s Submucosal Plexus
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56
Q

Remarkable esophageal submucosa contains:

A

contains esophageal glands proper

one of only two regions with glands in submucosa

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57
Q

Esophageal glands proper are located outside of:

A

Muscularis mucosa

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58
Q

Esophageal glands are what type of glands?

A

Tubuloacinar glands

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59
Q

Tubuloacinar glands contain what kind of cells?

A
  • mucous cells
  • serous cells
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60
Q

Esophageal glands proper deliver secretions into the:

A

Lumen

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61
Q

Esophageal glands proper secrete what enzymes via serous cells?

A
  • pepsinogen
  • lysozyme
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62
Q

Esophageal muscularis externa contains what two layers?

A
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
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63
Q

Esophageal muscularis externa contains what kind of muscle?

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle fibers

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64
Q

True or false: esophageal muscularis externa contains normal myenteric plexus

A

True

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65
Q

The esophagus contains three _____ regions

A

Histologically distinct
(pharyngoesophageal sphincter, gastroesophageal spincter, outer tunic)

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66
Q

What are the three regions of the esophagus?

A
  • Upper 1/3: Skeletal muscle
  • Middle 1/3: Skeletal and Smooth muscle
  • Lower 1/3: Smooth muscle
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67
Q

Esophagus physiological sphincters

A
  • Pharyngoesophageal (upper esophageal)
  • Gastroesophageal (lower esophageal)
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68
Q

Retroperitoneal outer tunic of the esophagus is comprised of:

A

Adventitia

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69
Q

Intraperitoneal outer tunic of the esophagus is comprised of:

A

Serosa

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70
Q

The stomach-esophagus junction demonstrates an abrupt transition from _____ to ____

A

Stratified squamous to simple columnar

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71
Q

True or false: esophageal glands proper do not continue into the submucosa of the stomach

A

False - they do

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72
Q

Gastric pits begin to appear at the _____ junction

A

stomach-esophagus junction

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73
Q

The stomach esophagus junction has increased thickness of what tissue layer?

A

Muscularis externa

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74
Q

The stomach is characterized as a ____ structure

A

Muscular, sac-like

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75
Q

Resting stomach volume

A

50 mL

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76
Q

Distended stomach volume

A

1500 mL

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77
Q

____ is the most dilated region of the alimentary canal

A

Stomach

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78
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Liquifies food through enzymatic digestion and physical maceration

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79
Q

The lesser curvature of the stomach is _____ whereas the greater curvature of the stomach is ____

A

concave; convex

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80
Q

What are the anatomically distinct regions of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus (pyloric antrum)
81
Q

Narrow region at gastroesophageal junction

A

Cardia

82
Q

What is the dome-shaped region of the stomach that is frequently filled with gas?

A

Fundus

83
Q

What is the largest part of the stomach?

A

Body

84
Q

____ of the stomach makes chyme

A

Body

85
Q

The pylorus is ___ shaped

A

Funnel

86
Q

____ culminates at pyloric sphincter

A

Pylorus

87
Q

What controls the release of chyme into the duodenum?

A

Pylorus

88
Q

True or false: the anatomically distinct regions of the stomach are the same as the histologically distinct regions

A

False - they are different

89
Q

Histologically, what regions of the stomach are alike?

A

Fundus and body

90
Q

The histological regions of the stomach are identified by ____ in the lamina propria

A

Glands

91
Q

List the histological regions of the stomach

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Pylorus
92
Q

Which of the following is not a histological region of the stomach?
A. Cardia
B. Body
C. Fundus
D. Pylorus

A

B. Body

93
Q

The gross internal stomach structure contains what components?

A
  • Rugae
  • Gastric pits
94
Q

Gastric pits are also known as:

A

Foveolae

95
Q

Function of rugae in stomach

A

Allow expansion

96
Q

Rugae are:

A

Folds of mucosa and submucosa

97
Q

Gastric pits - function

A

Increase surface area

98
Q

Gastric pits are deeper at:

A

Pylorus

99
Q

____ gastric glands empty into gastric pit

A

5-7

100
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

invaginations of mucosal epithelium continuous with lumen of underlying glands

101
Q

Stomach mucosa is composed of:

A
  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
102
Q

Stomach epithelium consists of what kinds of cells?

A

Simple columnar

103
Q

In the stomach, _____ secretes alkaline mucus

A

Surface lining cells

part of epithelium, simple columnar

104
Q

Regenerative cells are found in ____ of the stomach mucosa

A

Epithelium

105
Q

Gastric glands are contained in what part of the stomach mucosa

A

Lamina propria (cardiac glands, pyloric glands, fundic glands)

106
Q

True or false: the stomach mucosa contains a layer of muscularis mucosa

A

True

107
Q

Layers of muscularis mucosa in stomach mucosa

A
  • inner circular
  • outer longitudinal
  • outermost circular
108
Q

The stomach _____ is rich in blood and lymph vessels

A

Submucosa

109
Q

The stomach ____ contains a normal compliment of CT cells

A

Submucosa

110
Q

True or false: the stomach submucosa contains Meissner’s submucosal plexus

A

True

111
Q

Stomach muscularis externa - layers

A
  • inner oblique
  • middle circular
  • outer longitudinal
112
Q

Stomach glands are named by where the are found, which are:

A
  • cardiac glands
  • fundic (gastric) glands
  • pyloric glands
113
Q

Stomach glands are found in the ____ of stomach mucosa

A

Lamina propria

114
Q

Stomach glands structure

A

Simple or branched tubular

115
Q

Regions of simple branched tubular gland

A
  • Isthmus
  • Neck
  • Base
116
Q

Fundic gland is also known as:

A

Gastric gland

117
Q

Fundic glands produce:

A
  • gastric acid
  • gastric intrinsic factor
  • mucus
118
Q

Fundic gland epithelium contains a variety of cells, which are:

A
  • mucus neck cell
  • parietal cell (oxyntic)
  • chief cell (zymogenic)
  • enteroendocrine cell
119
Q

Which cell is only occasionally found in the gastric gland?

A

Enteroendocrine cell

120
Q

Surface lining cells of the stomach line:

A

Surface and gastric pits

121
Q

Surface lining cells secrete:

A

Thick mucus for protection

122
Q

Nuclei of surface lining cell is ____ located

A

Basally

123
Q

Apical microvilli and secretory granules are characteristic of ____ cells

A

Surface lining cells

124
Q

Function of regenerative cell in stomach mucosa

A
  • highly proliferative
  • replace all surface and gland cells
125
Q

Regenerative cell - turnover time

A

5-7 days

126
Q

Mucous neck cell - shape/characteristics

A
  • columnar and irregular in shape
  • short microvilli
  • basal nuclei
  • abundant secretory granules
127
Q

Mucous neck cell secretes:

A

Soluble mucus for lubrication

128
Q

Where are parietal cells located?

A

Mostly neck of fundic gland

129
Q

Parietal cell - shape/characteristics

A
  • round to pyramid shaped
  • central round nucleus
  • eosinophillic cytoplasm
  • intracellular canaliculi with microvilli
  • tubulovesicular system
  • lot of mitochondria
130
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A
  • HCl
  • Gastric intrinsic factor
131
Q

True or false: Parietal cell is also called oxyntic cell

A

True

132
Q

Where are chief cells located?

A

Mostly base of fundic gland

133
Q

General region of the stomach where chief cells found

A
134
Q

Describe chief cells

A
  • columnar
  • basal nuclei
  • basophilic from RER
  • secretory granules
  • short microvilli
135
Q

Chief cells secrete:

A
  • pepsinogen
  • gastric lipase
136
Q

Enteroendocrine cells are found at the ___ of fundic gland

A

Base

137
Q

____ secretes endocrine, paracrine, and neurocrine hormones

A

Enteroendocrine cells

138
Q

True or false: single type of enteroendocrine cell secretes many types of hormones

A

False - single type, single hormone

139
Q

____ is considered an APUD cell

A

Enteroendocrine cell

140
Q

What do APUD cells do?

A

Take up precursors of amines and decarboxylate them

141
Q

____ has shallow gastric pits

A

Cardiac mucosa

142
Q

_____ is a highly coiled tubular gland

A

Cardiac mucosa

143
Q

True or false: there are no chief cells in cardiac mucosa

A

True

144
Q

What cells are found in cardiac gland?

A
  • mostly surface lining cells
  • some mucous neck cells
  • few enteroendocrine and parietal cells
145
Q

Cardiac mucosa function mainly to:

A

Secrete protective mucus

146
Q

Pyloric mucosa has ____ gastric pits

A

Deep

147
Q

What cells are found in the pyloric gland?

A
  • predominantly mucous neck cells (secrete mucus and lysozyme)
  • enteroendocrine cells (G cells) which make gastrin
148
Q

____ are eosinophilic

A

Parietal cells

149
Q

____ are basophilic

A

Chief cells

150
Q

Function of small intestine

A
  • digests food
  • absorbs nutrients
151
Q

Longest section of GI

A

Small intestine

152
Q

Layers of small intestine

A
  • mucosa (contains muscularis mucosa)
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • adventitia/serosa
153
Q

Small intestine mucosa epithelium contains what cell types?

A
  • Surface absorptive cell
  • goblet cell
  • enteroendocrine cell
  • regenerative cell
  • paneth cell
  • M cells
154
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

Submucosa of duodenum

155
Q

Small intestine lamina propria contains:

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

156
Q

Structures to increase surface area of small intestine

A
  • Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)
  • villi
  • microvilli
157
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

transverse folds of the submucosa and mucosa

158
Q

Plicae circulares increase surface area:

A

2-3 fold

159
Q

Function of plicae circulares

A

Decrease velocity of chyme

160
Q

Plicae circulares are most developed in the:

A

Jejunum

161
Q

Villi are finger like protrusions of the:

A

Lamina propria

162
Q

Villi increase surface area of small intestine by:

A

10 fold

163
Q

Microvilli increase surface area of small intestine by:

A

20 fold

164
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Modification of the apical plasmalemma of epithelial cells

165
Q

What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Invaginations between villi

166
Q

Crypts of lieberkuhn are extended into ___ and contain ____ glands

A

Lamina propria; simple tubular glands

167
Q

Surface absorptive cell is also called:

A

Enterocyte

168
Q

Describe surface absorptive cell

A
  • tall columnar
  • cover villi and surfaces of intervilli
  • brush border with terminal web
169
Q

Function of surface absorptive cell

A
  • terminal digestion
  • absorption
170
Q

Goblet cell

A
  • secrete mucinogen
  • # increases as you go down GI
171
Q

Enteroendocrine cell of small intestine

A
  • aka DNES
  • 1% of cells
172
Q

Paneth cell

A
  • large eosinophilic apical secretory granules
  • exocrine cells that secrete lysozyme, defensin, TNFa
173
Q

Unremarkable small intestine submucosa

A
  • dense, irregular, fibroelastic CT
  • rich in blood and lymphatic vessels
174
Q

Brunner’s glands open up into

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

175
Q

Brunner’s glands secrete:

A
  • mucus
  • bicarbonate rich fluid
  • epidermal growth factor
176
Q

Shortest segment of Small intestine

A

Duodenum

177
Q

Duodenum receives ___ from the liver and ___ from the pancreas via the common bile duct and pancreatic duct

A

bile; digestive juices

178
Q

Villi of duodenum are:

A

Broader, taller, more numerous per unit area

179
Q

True or false: there are many goblet cells in the duodenum

A

False - fewer

180
Q

Villi of jejunum are:

A

Narrower, shorter, sparser

181
Q

There are more or less goblet cells in the jejunum?

A

More (less in duodenum)

182
Q

Villi are sparsest, shortest, narrowest in:

A

Ileum

183
Q

Lamina propria of ileum contains:

A

Peyer’s Patches

184
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

clusters of lymphoid nodules

in wall of ileum opposite the attachment of mesentery

185
Q

Regions of large intestine

A
  • Cecum (appendix)
  • Colon
  • rectum
  • anus
186
Q

Regions of colon

A
  • ascending
  • transverse
  • descending
  • sigmoid
187
Q

True or false: large intestine does not contain villi or paneth cells

A

True

188
Q

True or false: large intestine contains crypts of lieberkuhn

A

True

189
Q

There is an increased or decreased number of goblet cells in the large intestine?

A

Increased

190
Q

In the large intestine, what parts are unremarkable?

A
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
  • submucosa
191
Q

Rectum resembles the:

A

Colon

crypts are deeper and fewer in number

192
Q

Anal canal is ____ ____, 3 cm long

A

Constricted continuation

no crypts in distal portion

193
Q

In the rectum and anal canal, the epithelium becomes ____ which becomes keratinized at the ___

A

stratified squamous; anus

194
Q

Appendix is located at:

A

diverticulum of cecum

195
Q

Appendix resembles:

A

colon

196
Q

Appendix has more:

A
  • lymphoid elements
  • DNES cells
197
Q

Appendix has small or large diameter?

A

Smaller

198
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands are found in the _____, whereas esophageal glands proper are found in the _____

A

Esophageal mucosa (near pharynx/stomach); Submucosa

DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function (23 decks)

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