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DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function > Exam 1 9/6 Dr. Howard > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/6 Dr. Howard Flashcards

1
Q

Globular proteins function

A
  1. regulatory, maintenance and catalytic roles
  2. dissolve or form colloidal suspensions in water
  3. sensitive to temperature and pH change
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2
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

long chain hydrocarbons represented by the chemical formula R-COOH

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3
Q

Enzyme regulation is accomplished by:

A

amount of enzyme, modification of enzyme activity

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4
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins

A

collagens and elastins, keratins, fibrin

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5
Q

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed by:

A

lipases

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6
Q

Which amino acids are acidic?

A

glutamic acid, aspartic acid

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7
Q

How to overcome competitive inhibitor

A

increase substrate concentration

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8
Q

Which amino are aliphatic?

A

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine

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9
Q

uncompetitive inhibitors

A

bind to ES complex, cannot be overcome by more S

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10
Q

lineweaver burk plot x axis intercept

A

-1/kM

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11
Q

True or false: sucrose is a reducing sugar

A

False - no free anomeric carbon

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12
Q

Two categories of proteins

A

Fibrous proteins and globular proteins

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13
Q

True or false: alpha carbon in amino acid is chiral

A

True - it is asymmetrical so is a chiral center, except for glycine

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14
Q

HbA1C

A

Measure of long term glucose control

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15
Q

Examples of molecules where carbohydrates are attached to noncarbohydrates

A

-purine and pyrimidine bases
-aromatic rings (ie steroids)
-proteins (glycoproteins, proteoglycans)
-lipids

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16
Q

keratins are major components of

A

skin and hair

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17
Q

When a hemiacetal is formed, what is created?

A

Anomeric carbon at carbon 1 (asymmetric)

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18
Q

Fructose anomeric carbon

A

Carbon 2

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19
Q

Catabolism

A

Releases energy to break down polymers into monomers

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20
Q

Most abundant lipid

A

triglycerides

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21
Q

Glycogen structure

A

Heavily branched linked chains of glucose (alpha 1,4 and 1,6 linkages)

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22
Q

Characteristics of fibrous proteins (3)

A
  1. fiber-like structures
  2. insoluble in water
  3. unaffected by changed in temperature and pH
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23
Q

Velocity ___ with substrate concentration

A

increases (eventually reaches vmax when all active sites are saturated)

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24
Q

Polar amino acids

A

S T N Q D E H K R C Y

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25
Q

HbA1C measured by:

A

amount of glycosylated hemoglobin. Normal people <6%, diabetic >10%

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26
Q

__ is chiral for glyceraldehyde

A

C2

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27
Q

Hydroxyl group can react with aldehyde or ketone to form:

A

Hemiacetal (ring structure)

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28
Q

Proline causes:

A

bends in proteins

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29
Q

aldohexose has _ chiral centers

A

4

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30
Q

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes:

A

forward and backwards reaction of bicarbonate buffer system between CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3

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31
Q

Protein that forms when blood clots

A

Fibrin

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32
Q

Acylglycerols

A

neutral fat, glycerides

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33
Q

Enzyme kinetics Km:

A

substrate concentration where velocity is at half of max

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34
Q

lineweaver burk plot slope

A

km/vmax

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35
Q

competitive inhibitor effect on km and vmax:

A

increases kM, vmax stays the same

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36
Q

Which amino acids have negative charges at pH 7?

A

aspartic acid, glutamic acid

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37
Q

True or false: there are only trace amounts of free fatty acids in the body

A

True

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38
Q

AGE

A

advanced glycosylation end products; AGE = glucose + products

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39
Q

smallest carbohydrates are:

A

aldose and ketose (3 carbons)

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40
Q

Which amino acids are neutral?

A

serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine

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41
Q

which residue is hydroxylated in collagen?

A

proline and lysine

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42
Q

Anabolism

A

Monomers are used to create polymers with energy input (build molecules)

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43
Q

Aromatic amino acids unique property

A

Absorb uv light ~280 nm

44
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

45
Q

The arrangement of sugars into D and L configurations is based upon their resemblance to D and L?

A

Glyceraldehyde

46
Q

Product of starch digestion

A

beta-maltose

47
Q

Naturally occurring form of carbohydrates in humans is mostly ___

A

D enantiomer

48
Q

aldohexose has _ stereoisomers

A

2^4 = 16 (8 D sugars, ex glucose, mannose, fructose)

49
Q

How is enzyme activity modified

A
  1. allosteric control (changes in substrate, activators, inhibitors)
  2. isozymes of multiple forms of enzyme
  3. covalent modifications
50
Q

True or false: cellulose is digestible

A

False - we do not have the enzymes to break it down

51
Q

Difference in structure of galactose and glucose

A

orientation of the hydroxyl group (OH) at carbon 4

52
Q

Principle fat storage is via what molecule?

A

triglycerides

53
Q

How are -uronic acids formed?

A

OH group replaced by an -NH2 or acetylated -NH2

54
Q

D-glucose preferred structure

A

Ring. more stable

55
Q

Which 3 reactions of the 4 basic biological compounds require condensation reactions?

A

protein synthesis, DNA and RNA formation from nucleotides, starch/glycogen production from monosaccharides

56
Q

Reducing sugar assay for measuring blood sugar levels

A

Benedicts/Fehlings solution is heated, reduces Cu2+ to Cu+, forms red colored precipitate

57
Q

Isoelectric point

A

pH at which there is equal number of positive and negative ions so overall charge is zero

58
Q

glucose, galactose, and six other sugars are all:

A

aldohexoses

59
Q

____ _____ of glutamate in prothrombin - an essential blood clotting factor; requires ______

A

gamma carboxylation; requires vitamin k

60
Q

aliphatic

A

having a straight or branched chain structure; opposite of aromatic

61
Q

amphoteric

A

able to react both as a base and as an acid

62
Q

Most abundant sterol in animal tissue

A

Cholesterol

63
Q

example of ketohexose

A

fructose

64
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor effect on km and vmax:

A

decrease vmax, kM unchanged

65
Q

Collagens are found in

A

skin, bone, tendon, cartilage, teeth

66
Q

Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

tyrosine, serine, threonine

67
Q

Which amino acids contain sulfur?

A

cysteine, methionine

68
Q

Amylases like ptyalin in saliva digest ____ to form ____

A

starch; maltose

69
Q

cellulose is linked by:

A

beta 1,4 linkages

70
Q

Which amino acids do sugar linkages occur on?

A

S, T, N

71
Q

Which amino acids are basic?

A

histidine, lysine, arginine

72
Q

What is the exception to protein molecules as enzymes?

A

ribozymes

73
Q

Allosteric enzymes show ___ curve

A

sigmoidal

74
Q

Function of bicarbonate buffer system:

A
  1. maintain blood pH
  2. Used extensively to create acidic or alkaline environments
75
Q

True or false: there is an anomeric carbon in sucrose

A

False

76
Q

Nonpolar amino acids:

A

G A L V I M F W P

77
Q

____ is found at every 3rd amino acid in collagen

A

glycine (G)

78
Q

What does AGE do

A

alters normal protein function, detrimental (aging, arteriosclerosis, diabetes)

79
Q

Polypeptide chain backbone has large potential for:

A

hydrogen bonding

80
Q

Function of lipids

A
  1. energy storage
  2. structural components of membrane
  3. precursors for hormones, vitamins, bile salts
  4. cellular messengers
  5. lipid mediators
81
Q

collagen is made up of

A

3 helical polypeptides

82
Q

True or false: biomembranes require condensation reactions in order to form

A

False - spontaneously form due to nature of lipids

83
Q

uncompetitive inhibitor effect on km and vmax:

A

decreases both

84
Q

Globular proteins characteristics

A

nonpolar interior, polar charged on surface

85
Q

Phosphoglycerides made from:

A

alcohol component esterified to phosphoric acid group to form phosphodiester

86
Q

ketohexose # of D sugars

A

4

87
Q

Which amino acids are aromatic?

A

tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan

88
Q

collagens and elastins are found in:

A

connective tissues, tendons, ligaments

89
Q

Which isomer is found exclusively in proteins?

A

L isomer

90
Q

competitive inhibitor competes for:

A

active site

91
Q

Which amino acid is methylated in membrane receptors

A

Histidine

92
Q

True or false: All monosaccharides are reducing sugars

A

True

93
Q

Lactose bond

A

beta 1,4 linkage

94
Q

True or false: noncompetitive inhibitor can be overcome by increasing S

A

false

95
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system equation

A

CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3-

96
Q

True or false: maltose is a reducing sugar

A

True

97
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor binds to:

A

site other than active site, can bind to enzyme or enzyme substrate complex

98
Q

____ is the most abundant carbohydrate in mammalian cells

A

Glycogen

99
Q

amphipathic

A

having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

100
Q

How many residues of glucose in cellulose?

A

> 3000

101
Q

Starch made up of:

A

more than 200 molecules of glucose

102
Q

Which amino acids can form disulfide bridges?

A

cysteine

103
Q

lineweaver burk plot y axis intercept

A

1/vmax

104
Q

___ proteins are not sensitive to changes in temperature and pH

A

fibrous proteins

105
Q

In tissues, glucose is converted to:

A

glycogen (liver and muscles)

DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function (23 decks)

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