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DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function > Exam 3 - Accessory Glands of the Digestive System > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Accessory Glands of the Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Function of accessory glands

A

aid in the digestion of food stuffs

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2
Q

Accessory glands are inside of outside of alimentary canal?

A

Outside

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3
Q

Accessory glands are connected via:

A

Ducts

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4
Q

Examples of accessory glands

A
  • salivary glands
  • pancreas
  • liver
  • gallbladder
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5
Q

Is the pancreas retro or intra peritoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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6
Q

4 regions of the pancreas

A
  • uncinate process
  • head
  • body
  • tail
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7
Q

Pancreas mass

A

~ 150g

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8
Q

What forms the septa that subdivides the pancreas gland into lobules?

A

Flimsy CT capsule

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9
Q

Pancreas contains what kind of glands?

A

compound tubuloalveolar gland

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10
Q

Intraperitoneal organ

A

Almost totally covered with visceral peritoneum

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11
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Lies behind the peritoneum and are only partially covered with visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

Organs within the peritoneum are:

A

Suspended

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13
Q

Outermost layer of the alimentary canal is either ____ or ____

A

Serosa or adventitia

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14
Q

Intraperitoneal regions of the alimentary canal possess a ____

A

Serosa

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15
Q

Serosa consists of a connective tissue covered by a _____ which ____ during digestive movements

A

Mesothelium; reduces frictional forces

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16
Q

Regions that are firmly attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibers possess ____

A

Adventitia

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17
Q

Pancreas is a ____ gland containing:

A

Mixed; exocrine and endocrine glands

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18
Q

Exocrine gland portion of the pancreas contain ____ which produce:

A

acini; digestive enzymes and bicarbonate rich serous fluid

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19
Q

Endocrine glands in the pancreas are found as ____ which secrete ____

A

Islets; hormones (such as insulin and glucagon)

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20
Q

Exocrine portion of pancreas secretes ___ mL of buffer fluid a day and ____ enzymes

A

1200; digestive

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21
Q

In the exocrine pancreas, there are ____ cells per oval acinus and ___ centroacinar cells that form the border of the lumen

A

40-50 cells; 3-4

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22
Q

Exocrine pancreas: course of the ducts into the opening of the duodenum

A
  • intercalated ducts
  • intralobular ducts
  • interlobular ducts
  • main pancreatic duct
  • joins the common bile duct
  • opens into duodenum
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23
Q

At the intercalated duct of the exocrine pancreas, cells switch from ___ to ____

A

Simple squamous to simple cuboidal

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24
Q

Pancreatic acinar cell has what receptors?

A
  • cholecystokinin
  • acetylcholine
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25
Q

Pancreatic centroacinar cells have what receptors?

A
  • secretin
  • acetylcholine? (maybe)
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26
Q

Zymogen granules are contained in what pancreatic cell and in what area?

A

Pancreatic acinar cell; towards lumen of acinus

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27
Q

Secretory portion of exocrine pancreas is made up of what cells?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

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28
Q

Duct portion of exocrine pancreas is made up of what cells?

A

Centroacinar cells

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29
Q

Cholecystokinin is released from:

A

I-cells in duodenum and jejunum

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30
Q

What stimuli cause release of cholecystokinin?

A
  • fatty acids or monoglycerides
  • peptides and single amino acids
  • acid
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31
Q

Cholecystokinin is a potent stimulator of ____ secretion

A

Proenzyme

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32
Q

____ stimulates emptying of gallbladder and inhibits gastric emptying

A

Cholecystokinin

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33
Q

Cholecystokinin is how many amino acids long?

A

33 amino acids (small peptide molecule)

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34
Q

Secretion of exocrine pancreas is enzyme ____

A

Rich (digestive enzymes, proenzymes, trypsin inhibitor)

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35
Q

Secretin is released from:

A

S-cells of duodenal mucosa

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36
Q

Stimuli for release of secretin

A
  • acid in duodenum (pH < 4.5)
  • fatty acids in duodenum
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37
Q

Physiological effects of secretin

A
  • stimulates pancreatic and bile duct bicarbonate secretion
  • inhibits gastric acid secretion
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38
Q

True or false: enzyme-rich and enzyme poor secretions are regulated separately

A

True - but can be released at different times or concomitantly

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39
Q

Mechanism of bicarbonate (alkaline) production

A
  1. CO2 combines with H2O in presence of carbonic anhydrase
  2. Carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3- and H+ ions
  3. H+ ions transported in exchange for Na
  4. HCO3- moves out of cell in exchange for Cl-
  5. Rate of HCO3- secretion is dependent upon luminal Cl- concentration
  6. Na+ moves down electrochemical gradient
  7. Water moves into lumen to establish osmotic equilibrium
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40
Q

____ acts to open Cl- channels (CFTR) and thus increase secretion of bicarbonate

A

Secretin

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41
Q

Most powerful stimulus for HCOe- secretion is ____

A

Secretin

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42
Q

Secretin activates adenylyl cyclase with raises ____, stimulates ____, and phosphorylates ____

A

cAMP concentration; protein kinase A; CFTR

43
Q

CFTR

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator

44
Q

CFTR is a ____ channel

A

Cl-

45
Q

Secretin induced bicarbonate secretion neutralizes acidic chyme in order to:

A

Create optimal conditions (pH 7-8) for digestive enzymes

46
Q

Main cells of endocrine pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

47
Q

Where are islets of langerhans located?

A
  • scattered among acini
  • greater number in tail (1 million islets/pancreas)
48
Q

Are islets of langerhans richly or poorly vascularized?

A

Richly

49
Q

Name the different islet cells

A
  • beta cell
  • alpha cell
  • delta cell
  • G cell
  • PP/F cell
50
Q

Pancreatic beta cell secretes:

A

Insulin (6000 Da)

51
Q

Pancreatic alpha cell secretes:

A

Glucagon (3500 Da)

52
Q

Pancreatic delta cell secretes:

A

Somatostatin

53
Q

Functions of somatostatin

A
  • paracrine: inhibits hormone release
  • endocrine: reduces contractions of alimentary tract and gallbladder smooth muscles
54
Q

Pancreatic G cell secretes:

A

Gastrin (2000 Da)

55
Q

Function of gastrin

A

Stimulates production of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells of stomach

56
Q

Lobes of liver

A

Right lobe (larger) and left lobe

57
Q

Right and left lobes of the liver are separated by:

A

Falciform ligament

58
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

Liver (1500 g)

59
Q

Where is the liver located in the abdominal cavity?

A

upper right quadrant

60
Q

The liver has both ___ and ___ functions

A

Endocrine and exocrine

61
Q

What cells are responsible for both exocrine and endocrine functions in liver?

A

Hepatocytes

62
Q

____ synthesizes blood proteins and maintains blood glucose

A

Liver

63
Q

____ is responsible for deamination of amino acids

A

Liver

64
Q

What organ is responsible for detoxification of drugs and toxins?

A

Liver

65
Q

Vitamin A is stored in the:

A

Liver

66
Q

____ metabolizes chylomicrons

A

Liver

67
Q

The liver manufactures:

A

Bile

68
Q

True or false: the liver has a dual blood supply

A

True (hepatic artery and portal vein)

69
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the heart to liver

70
Q

Portal vein

A

Brings nutrient rich blood from intestines to liver

71
Q

Liver lobule contains ____ arrangement of hepatocytes which contains ____ in the middle and ___ at the periphery

A

Hexagonal; central vein; portal triads

72
Q

Portal triad contains:

A
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • bile duct
73
Q

Central vein of liver lobule follows the ___ axis

A

Longitudinal

74
Q

Initial branch of hepatic vein

A

Central vein

75
Q

Hepatocytes within a liver lobule are arranged like _____, forming _____ plates and are separated by large vascular spaces called ____

A

spokes on a wheel; anastomosing, fenestrated plates; sinusoids

76
Q

Blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery mix in ____

A

Sinusoids

77
Q

Three types of liver lobules

A
  • classical
  • Hepatic acinus
  • portal lobule
78
Q

In a classic lobule, blood flows from the ___ to the ___

A

Periphery to center

79
Q

In a classic lobule, bile enters into ____ and flows to the _____ of the lobule to the _____

A

bile canaliculi; periphery; interlobular bile ducts

80
Q

In a portal lobule, bile goes to the ___ which is unlike acini of most glands

A

Periphery

81
Q

All hepatocytes that deliver their bile to a particular interlobular bile duct constitute a:

A

Lobule

82
Q

Triangular region whose center is the portal triad and three imaginary lines connecting 3 central veins

A

Portal lobule

83
Q

Liver acinus aka:

A

Acinus of Rappaport

84
Q

___ is based on blood flow from distributing arteriole

A

Liver acinus

85
Q

Zone 1 of liver acinus is _____ and zone 3 of liver acinus is ____

A

Richest in oxygen; oxygen poor

86
Q

Describe components of hepatocyte

A
  • large
  • organelle rich (free ribosomes, RER, golgi, mitochondria)
  • has proteins for secretion
  • maintains blood glucose
87
Q

What cell types makes bile?

A

Hepatocyte

88
Q

Components of bile

A
  • water
  • bile salts
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • bile pigments
  • IgA
89
Q

Tauricholic acid and glycocholic acid are examples of:

A

Bile salts

90
Q

What are the two stages of bile secretion?

A
  1. bile salts, cholesterol, organic constituents enter hepatocytes and stimulate bile secretion
  2. secretin stimulates addition of watery solution of sodium bicarbonate to bile
91
Q

Where is bile concentrated and stored?

A

Gallbladder

92
Q

Function of bile

A

Emulsification of fats

93
Q

Resident macrophages in the liver are called:

A

Kupffer cells

94
Q

Where is the lateral domain of hepatocytes?

A

between 2 connecting hepatic cells, form bile canaliculi

95
Q

Where is the sinusoidal domain of hepatocytes?

A

portion of hepatocyte facing sinusoid

96
Q

What type of epithelium is in the gallbladder?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

97
Q

What are the layers of the gall bladder from inside to outside?

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • smooth oblique muscle layer
  • adventitia or serosa

No muscularis mucosa or submucosa

98
Q

Structure of gall bladder when empty

A

Numerous deep mucosal folds (helps it contract and distend)

99
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

Sphincter that controls bile deposition into duodenum

100
Q

The Sphincter of Oddi must be in a ____ position for the bile to be able to enter the gall bladder

A

Closed - bile backs up the common bile duct/cystic duct to enter gall bladder

101
Q

Bile release from the gall bladder can be stimulated by:

A
  • cholecystokinin
  • acetylcholine
102
Q

Cholecystokinin effects on gall bladder

A
  • causes gall bladder to contract
  • Sphincter of Oddi muscles relax
  • injects bile into lumen of duodenum
103
Q

Acetylcholine effects on gall bladder

A

Stimulates contraction

104
Q

Mesothelium of the serosa is covered by:

A

Simple squamous epithelium

DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function (23 decks)

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