Exam 2 10/25 Howard Flashcards
Definition of metabolism
- sum of all physical/chemical processes by which living organized substance is produce and maintained
- transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism
Cells extract energy from:
- food
- energy stores
Catabolism: releases or requires energy?
Releases energy
Anabolism: releases or requires energy?
Requires energy
Catabolism
Degradation of larger molecules into smaller ones
Anabolism
Conversion of monomers into polymers of more complex molecules
Catabolism - overall reaction
Fuel (carbohydrates, fats) –> CO2 + H2O + useful energy
Catabolism involves metabolic reactions that _____ energy through the use of simple organic compounds. Most involve _____
Yield energy; oxidative degradation
Oxidation means
Loss of electrons
Degradation is also known as
Catabolism
Biosynthetic is also known as
Anabolism
Anabolism overall reaction
Useful energy + simple precursors –> complex molecules
Anabolism involves metabolic reactions that ____ and _____. Most involve ____ biosynthesis
use energy and create macromolecules; reductive
Reduction is
gain of electrons
True or false: regarding catabolism and anabolism, the pathways are distinct
True - not a reversal of the same pathway and located in different compartments
Synthetic reactions are found in the:
Cytosol
Oxidation reactions are found in the:
Mitochondria
General principles of metabolism (3)
- fuels are degraded, large molecules are constructed through step by step metabolic pathways
- Common energy currency (ATP) links energy-releasing pathways with energy requiring pathways
- Oxidation of carbon fuels powers formation of ATP
In metabolism, there is a highly integrated network of over 1000 chemical reactions, but there are 4 common motifs, which are:
- energy currency
- limited number of activated intermediates
- types of reactions is small
- regulated in common ways
___ molecules play a central role in metabolism
100
What types of chemical reactions are found in metabolism?
- Oxidation-reduction
- Ligation requiring ATP cleavage (forms covalent bonds)
- Isomerization
- Group transfer
- Hydrolytic
- Additional or removal of functional groups
Methods of regulation of metabolic reactions
- amount of enzymes
- enzymes catalytic activity
- accessibility of substrate
The amount of enzymes is controlled by
Rate of synthesis, rate of degradation
Enzyme catalytic activity is controlled by
- reversible allosteric control
- feedback inhibition
- reversible covalent modification
- hormones coordinate activities
- ratio of ATP to ADP
Accessibility of substrate is controlled by:
- compartmentation which separates opposing reactions
- control of flux of substrates
Reaction can only occur spontaneously if:
ΔG is negative
Metabolic pathways can couple _____
Individual reactions
Two criteria for coupling individual reactions
- reactions must be specific
- sum of reactions must be thermodynamically favorable (-ΔG)
What do coupled reactions share?
Same intermediate (product of one reaction is the reactant for the next)
A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction is driven by:
a favorable reaction
(reactions are coupled by shared intermediate)
Examples of special molecules that act as carriers between metabolic reactions
- ATP
- NADH/NADPH
- FADH2
- Coenzyme A
- Biotin
- Tetrahydrofolate
- S-Adenosylmethionine
- Uridine Diphosphate glucose
Phosphoryl group is carried by
ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP, high energy)
Electrons are carried by
- NADH
- NADPH
- FADH2
Acyl group is carried by
Coenzyme A
CO2 group is carried by
Biotin
One-carbon units are carried by
Tetrahydrofolate
Methyl groups are carried by
S-adenosylmethionine
Glucose group is carried by
Uridine Diphosphate Glucose
____ are unifying motifs of biochemistry
Carrier molecules (ATP most familiar)
What is the universal energy carrier?
ATP
What process produces free energy (ATP)?
Oxidative degradation
Energy stored in ATP is conserved via:
High energy chemical bonds
ATP is a ____ made of ____
Nucleotide; adenine, ribose, triphosphate
ATP contains ____ phosphoanhydride bonds
2
True or false: ATP stores energy transiently to do work
True - transient store of energy, made and degraded over and over again
Phosphoanhydride bond is a type of:
Covalent bond
High energy phosphoanhydride bond is formed via:
- condensation of 2 molecules of phosphate (PO43-)
- subsequent loss of water (condensation reaction)
When phosphoanhydride bonds are broken, ____ is released
Large amounts of energy
Principle immediate donor of free energy
ATP
True or false: ATP serves as storage of free energy
False - does not; ATP turnover is high and must be continuously regenerated from ADP
A highly favorable reaction has:
A large change in free energy
An energy-yielding reaction results in:
Synthesis of ATP
An energy-requiring reactions uses ____
ATP
Examples of energy-requiring reactions
- performance of mechanical work (muscle contraction, cellular movements)
- active transport of molecules and ions
- synthesis of macromolecules from simple precursors
Fundamental mode of energy exchange
ATP-ADP cycle
____ can drive unfavorable reactions
ATP hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis can change the equilibrium ratio of products to reactants by
10^5 (reaction by itself compared to coupled with ATP hydrolysis)
True or false: ATP is the only carrier of phosphoryl groups
False - there are many others (phosphoenolpyruvate, creatine phosphate, pyrophosphate, etc.)
Phosphoryl-transfer potential is an important form of:
Energy conversion
ATP is a phosphate ____
Donor