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DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function > Exam 1 9/13 Howard Epithelium > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/13 Howard Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A
  1. cover surfaces
  2. line cavities
  3. line tubes
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2
Q

Epithelial tissue functions as:

A

interface between biological compartments

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue mediates numerous functions, such as:

A
  1. Protection: abrasion, chemicals, bacteria
  2. reduction of friction
  3. Transcellular transport
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption of nutrients
  6. Selective permeability
  7. Detection of sensations
  8. Excretion
  9. Forming glands
  10. Movement of mucus
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4
Q

True or false: epithelium is derived from ectoderm

A

False - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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5
Q

What epithelial structures arise from ectoderm?

A

skin, oral and nasal mucosae, mammary glands

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6
Q

What epithelial structures arise from endoderm?

A

Liver, pancreas, lining of gut and respiratory tract

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7
Q

What epithelial structures arise from mesoderm?

A

Lining of blood and lymph vessels, chambers of the heart (endothelium) and body cavities (mesothelium); kidney tubules

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8
Q

There are __ types of epithelial tissues, which are:

A

two; surface epithelia and glands

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9
Q

What is surface epithelia?

A

Sheets of cells covering internal or external surfaces

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10
Q

Cancer in surface epithelia is called:

A

Carcinomas

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11
Q

What are glands?

A

Structures that produce secretions

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12
Q

Where do glands arise from?

A

Originate from invaginated epithelial cells

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13
Q

Cancer in glands is called:

A

Adenocarcinomas

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14
Q

What is the general structure of surface epithelium?

A

Basement membrane covered by cellular layer

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15
Q

Basement membrane

A

Thin, non-cellular layer consisting of basal lamina and lamina reticularis; variable thickness; support

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16
Q

______ ______ interface between epithelium and connective tissues

A

Basement membrane

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17
Q

Surface epithelium general features

A

Polarity, cell junctions, avascular, regenerative

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18
Q

Surface epithelium is avascular because:

A

underlying CT capillary beds supplied food and oxygen

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19
Q

Surface epithelium is regenerative because:

A

Skin 28 days, small intestine 2-3 days

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20
Q

Describe surface epithelial cells polarity

A

Apical and basal side, tight junctions found near apical side. Basal attaches to basement membrane

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21
Q

True or false: surface epithelium have intervening connective tissue

A

False - closely packed and continuous sheets, so no intervening connective tissue; little intercellular material, little ECM

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22
Q

_____ is always adjacent to open space

A

Surface epithelium

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23
Q

Surface epithelium is classified by:

A

number of cell layers, morphology

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24
Q

Simple

A

one layer

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25
Stratified
More than 1 layer
26
Pseudostratified:
Looks like more than 1 layer, all cells rest on basement membrane but some cells do not reach surface
27
In general, thick layer of many cells means:
protection
28
In general, thin single cell layer means:
diffusion, filtration, lubrication
29
Squamous
Flat (fried egg)
30
Cuboidal
as tall as wide
31
Columnar
Taller than wide
32
Which type of surface epithelia can have microvilli?
Columnar
33
Simple squamous structure and function
Cytoplasm highly attenuated and only approximated, nuclei bulge into lumen For permeability - fluid transport, gas exchange, lubrication
34
Where do you find simple squamous epithelia?
endothelium, lung air spaces, mesothelium
35
Simple cuboidal structure and function
Lateral cell membranes evident, round centrally located nuclei For ion pumping (secretion, absorption)
36
Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelia?
Ducts, covering of ovary, form kidney tubules, medulla of kidney
37
Simple columnar structure and function
Tall and slender, nuclei are oval and uniform in height For high volume secretion - transportation, absorption, secretion
38
Where do you find simple columnar epithelia?
Digestive tract, gallbladder, large ducts, oviducts, uterus, small bronchi
39
Non-keratinized stratified squamous structure and function
Top layer flat, contain nuclei; basal layer cuboidal, high mitotic activity
40
Where do you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?
mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, vocal folds, vagina
41
Which epithelia is non-keratinized?
Stratified squamous
42
Where do you find keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?
Epidermis of skin
43
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelia structure and function
Top layer flat, no nuclei; non-living layer filled with keratin Protection
44
Stratified cuboidal structure and function
Cell boundaries not apparent, layering of round nuclei Absorption, secretion
45
Where do you find stratified cuboidal epithelia?
Ducts of sweat glands
46
Stratified columnar structure and function
Taller than they are wide, 2 nuclei stacked Secretion, absorption
47
Where do you find stratified columnar?
Large excretory ducts, conjunctiva of eye, portions of male urethra
48
Pseudostratified structure and function
Nuclei not uniformly arranged Secretion, absorption, lubrication
49
True or false: cilia can be located on stratified epithelium
False- never
50
Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located
Male urethra, epididymis, and larger excretory ducts of glands
51
Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
lining of most trachea and primary bronchi, the auditory tube, part of the tympanic cavity, the nasal cavity, and the lacrimal sac
52
Transitional epithelia
Distensible, contract, dome-shaped surface cells (cobble stone), occasional binucleated cells
53
Where can you find transitional epithelium
Urinary tract
54
Mucous membranes
line cavities that open to exterior
55
Serous membranes
line cavities that do not open to exterior
56
Examples of serous membranes
pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
57
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
58
Apical surface modifications of epithelium surface
Keratin, microvilli, cilia, flagella, stereocilia
59
Basolateral surface modifications of epithelium surface
Junctions - occluding, adhering, communicating
60
Basal surface modifications of epithelium surface
Adhering junction - hemidesmosomes
61
Microvilli is made up of:
25-30 actin filaments
62
Microvilli is cross linked by:
fimbrin and villin
63
_____ is anchored in terminal web
Microvilli
64
What proteins connect actin filaments of microvilli to the plasma membrane?
Myosin-I, calmodulin
65
Core structure of cilia and flagella
Axoneme
66
Axoneme
Uniformly arranged microtubules 9+2
67
Stereocilia is a misnomer because:
lack mobility, made of actin not tubulin
68
Tight junctions function
join cells, create barrier to intercellular flow, prevent movement of basolateral integral membrane proteins to apical face (belt like)
69
Adhering junctions
cell-to-cell adhesion proteins/CAMs calcium dependent E-cadherin
70
Glandular epithelium
Invaginations of surface epithelium itno underlying tissues
71
Two types of glandular epithelium
Exocrine and endocrine
72
Exocrine
Secrete via ducts, retain connection with epithelium
73
Endocrine
ductless, lost connection with epithelium, secrete into blood or lymph vessels
74
Exocrine gland classification
1. nature of secretion (mucous/serous/mixed) 2. Mode of secretion (holocrine, merocrine, apocrine) 3. Number of cells (unicellular, multicellular)
75
Exocrine mucous secretion function
1. Secrete mucinogens (glycosylated proteins) 2. Hydrate - mucin (protective lubricant)
76
Exocrine mucous found in:
goblet cells, minor salivary
77
Serous secretion
watery secretion - pancreas
78
Mixed secretion
Both serous and mucous acini
79
Holocrine
entire cell secreted (whole cell disintegrates)
80
Merocrine
Eccrine; only secretory product is released by exocytosis
81
Apocrine
Secretory product along with a bit of apical cytoplasm
82
Unicellular exocrine gland
irritation --> exocytosis (merocrine secretion)
83
Multicellular exocrine gland classification
Type of duct system, secretory endpiece
84
Types of duct systems
Simple, compound
85
Types of secretory endpiece
Tubular, alveolar (acinar), tubulo-alveolar (tubulo-acinar)
86
Simple versus compound duct
Simple is unbranched, compound is branched
87
Tubular versus Alveolar
Tubular is more tube like, alveolar is grape like (hanging off a grape vine)
88
Compound tubuloacinar
Compound - branched duct; Secretory portion is tubular and acinar
89
Sebaceous gland
Simple, branched, acinar Holocrine secretion
90
Merocrine
Sweat gland Simple, unbranched, coiled tubular
91
Salivary gland
Compound tubuloalveolar; mixed
92
Endocrine glands
Ductless, secretions are hormones that go into bloodstream
93
Endocrine glands cell organization
Cords (most common); follicular
94
Examples of endocrine glands
1. adrenal 2. pituitary 3. thyroid 4. parathyroid and pineal glands 5. ovaries 6. placenta 7. testes
95
Endocrine cord arrangement
Huge network of capillaries throughout secretory cells; hormones stored intracellularly and released after signal
96
Endocrine follicular arrangement
Secretory cell forms follicle, cells around follicle, capillary beds around Hormone stored in follicle, signal, cells resorbed, then release to capillaries
97
Mixed glands
Both endo and exocrine - pancreas, testes, ovary, liver

DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function (23 decks)

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