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DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function > Exam 1 9/13 Howard Epithelium > Flashcards

Exam 1 9/13 Howard Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A
  1. cover surfaces
  2. line cavities
  3. line tubes
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2
Q

Epithelial tissue functions as:

A

interface between biological compartments

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3
Q

Epithelial tissue mediates numerous functions, such as:

A
  1. Protection: abrasion, chemicals, bacteria
  2. reduction of friction
  3. Transcellular transport
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption of nutrients
  6. Selective permeability
  7. Detection of sensations
  8. Excretion
  9. Forming glands
  10. Movement of mucus
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4
Q

True or false: epithelium is derived from ectoderm

A

False - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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5
Q

What epithelial structures arise from ectoderm?

A

skin, oral and nasal mucosae, mammary glands

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6
Q

What epithelial structures arise from endoderm?

A

Liver, pancreas, lining of gut and respiratory tract

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7
Q

What epithelial structures arise from mesoderm?

A

Lining of blood and lymph vessels, chambers of the heart (endothelium) and body cavities (mesothelium); kidney tubules

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8
Q

There are __ types of epithelial tissues, which are:

A

two; surface epithelia and glands

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9
Q

What is surface epithelia?

A

Sheets of cells covering internal or external surfaces

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10
Q

Cancer in surface epithelia is called:

A

Carcinomas

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11
Q

What are glands?

A

Structures that produce secretions

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12
Q

Where do glands arise from?

A

Originate from invaginated epithelial cells

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13
Q

Cancer in glands is called:

A

Adenocarcinomas

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14
Q

What is the general structure of surface epithelium?

A

Basement membrane covered by cellular layer

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15
Q

Basement membrane

A

Thin, non-cellular layer consisting of basal lamina and lamina reticularis; variable thickness; support

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16
Q

______ ______ interface between epithelium and connective tissues

A

Basement membrane

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17
Q

Surface epithelium general features

A

Polarity, cell junctions, avascular, regenerative

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18
Q

Surface epithelium is avascular because:

A

underlying CT capillary beds supplied food and oxygen

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19
Q

Surface epithelium is regenerative because:

A

Skin 28 days, small intestine 2-3 days

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20
Q

Describe surface epithelial cells polarity

A

Apical and basal side, tight junctions found near apical side. Basal attaches to basement membrane

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21
Q

True or false: surface epithelium have intervening connective tissue

A

False - closely packed and continuous sheets, so no intervening connective tissue; little intercellular material, little ECM

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22
Q

_____ is always adjacent to open space

A

Surface epithelium

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23
Q

Surface epithelium is classified by:

A

number of cell layers, morphology

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24
Q

Simple

A

one layer

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25
Q

Stratified

A

More than 1 layer

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26
Q

Pseudostratified:

A

Looks like more than 1 layer, all cells rest on basement membrane but some cells do not reach surface

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27
Q

In general, thick layer of many cells means:

A

protection

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28
Q

In general, thin single cell layer means:

A

diffusion, filtration, lubrication

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29
Q

Squamous

A

Flat (fried egg)

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30
Q

Cuboidal

A

as tall as wide

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31
Q

Columnar

A

Taller than wide

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32
Q

Which type of surface epithelia can have microvilli?

A

Columnar

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33
Q

Simple squamous structure and function

A

Cytoplasm highly attenuated and only approximated, nuclei bulge into lumen

For permeability - fluid transport, gas exchange, lubrication

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34
Q

Where do you find simple squamous epithelia?

A

endothelium, lung air spaces, mesothelium

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35
Q

Simple cuboidal structure and function

A

Lateral cell membranes evident, round centrally located nuclei

For ion pumping (secretion, absorption)

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36
Q

Where do you find simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

Ducts, covering of ovary, form kidney tubules, medulla of kidney

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37
Q

Simple columnar structure and function

A

Tall and slender, nuclei are oval and uniform in height

For high volume secretion - transportation, absorption, secretion

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38
Q

Where do you find simple columnar epithelia?

A

Digestive tract, gallbladder, large ducts, oviducts, uterus, small bronchi

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39
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous structure and function

A

Top layer flat, contain nuclei; basal layer cuboidal, high mitotic activity

40
Q

Where do you find non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?

A

mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, vocal folds, vagina

41
Q

Which epithelia is non-keratinized?

A

Stratified squamous

42
Q

Where do you find keratinized stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Epidermis of skin

43
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelia structure and function

A

Top layer flat, no nuclei; non-living layer filled with keratin

Protection

44
Q

Stratified cuboidal structure and function

A

Cell boundaries not apparent, layering of round nuclei

Absorption, secretion

45
Q

Where do you find stratified cuboidal epithelia?

A

Ducts of sweat glands

46
Q

Stratified columnar structure and function

A

Taller than they are wide, 2 nuclei stacked

Secretion, absorption

47
Q

Where do you find stratified columnar?

A

Large excretory ducts, conjunctiva of eye, portions of male urethra

48
Q

Pseudostratified structure and function

A

Nuclei not uniformly arranged

Secretion, absorption, lubrication

49
Q

True or false: cilia can be located on stratified epithelium

A

False- never

50
Q

Where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium located

A

Male urethra, epididymis, and larger excretory ducts of glands

51
Q

Where are pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

lining of most trachea and primary bronchi, the auditory tube, part of the tympanic cavity, the nasal cavity, and the lacrimal sac

52
Q

Transitional epithelia

A

Distensible, contract, dome-shaped surface cells (cobble stone), occasional binucleated cells

53
Q

Where can you find transitional epithelium

A

Urinary tract

54
Q

Mucous membranes

A

line cavities that open to exterior

55
Q

Serous membranes

A

line cavities that do not open to exterior

56
Q

Examples of serous membranes

A

pericardium, pleura, peritoneum

57
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

58
Q

Apical surface modifications of epithelium surface

A

Keratin, microvilli, cilia, flagella, stereocilia

59
Q

Basolateral surface modifications of epithelium surface

A

Junctions - occluding, adhering, communicating

60
Q

Basal surface modifications of epithelium surface

A

Adhering junction - hemidesmosomes

61
Q

Microvilli is made up of:

A

25-30 actin filaments

62
Q

Microvilli is cross linked by:

A

fimbrin and villin

63
Q

_____ is anchored in terminal web

A

Microvilli

64
Q

What proteins connect actin filaments of microvilli to the plasma membrane?

A

Myosin-I, calmodulin

65
Q

Core structure of cilia and flagella

A

Axoneme

66
Q

Axoneme

A

Uniformly arranged microtubules 9+2

67
Q

Stereocilia is a misnomer because:

A

lack mobility, made of actin not tubulin

68
Q

Tight junctions function

A

join cells, create barrier to intercellular flow, prevent movement of basolateral integral membrane proteins to apical face (belt like)

69
Q

Adhering junctions

A

cell-to-cell adhesion proteins/CAMs
calcium dependent
E-cadherin

70
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Invaginations of surface epithelium itno underlying tissues

71
Q

Two types of glandular epithelium

A

Exocrine and endocrine

72
Q

Exocrine

A

Secrete via ducts, retain connection with epithelium

73
Q

Endocrine

A

ductless, lost connection with epithelium, secrete into blood or lymph vessels

74
Q

Exocrine gland classification

A
  1. nature of secretion (mucous/serous/mixed)
  2. Mode of secretion (holocrine, merocrine, apocrine)
  3. Number of cells (unicellular, multicellular)
75
Q

Exocrine mucous secretion function

A
  1. Secrete mucinogens (glycosylated proteins)
  2. Hydrate - mucin (protective lubricant)
76
Q

Exocrine mucous found in:

A

goblet cells, minor salivary

77
Q

Serous secretion

A

watery secretion - pancreas

78
Q

Mixed secretion

A

Both serous and mucous acini

79
Q

Holocrine

A

entire cell secreted (whole cell disintegrates)

80
Q

Merocrine

A

Eccrine; only secretory product is released by exocytosis

81
Q

Apocrine

A

Secretory product along with a bit of apical cytoplasm

82
Q

Unicellular exocrine gland

A

irritation –> exocytosis (merocrine secretion)

83
Q

Multicellular exocrine gland classification

A

Type of duct system, secretory endpiece

84
Q

Types of duct systems

A

Simple, compound

85
Q

Types of secretory endpiece

A

Tubular, alveolar (acinar), tubulo-alveolar (tubulo-acinar)

86
Q

Simple versus compound duct

A

Simple is unbranched, compound is branched

87
Q

Tubular versus Alveolar

A

Tubular is more tube like, alveolar is grape like (hanging off a grape vine)

88
Q

Compound tubuloacinar

A

Compound - branched duct; Secretory portion is tubular and acinar

89
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Simple, branched, acinar
Holocrine secretion

90
Q

Merocrine

A

Sweat gland
Simple, unbranched, coiled tubular

91
Q

Salivary gland

A

Compound tubuloalveolar; mixed

92
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless, secretions are hormones that go into bloodstream

93
Q

Endocrine glands cell organization

A

Cords (most common); follicular

94
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A
  1. adrenal
  2. pituitary
  3. thyroid
  4. parathyroid and pineal glands
  5. ovaries
  6. placenta
  7. testes
95
Q

Endocrine cord arrangement

A

Huge network of capillaries throughout secretory cells; hormones stored intracellularly and released after signal

96
Q

Endocrine follicular arrangement

A

Secretory cell forms follicle, cells around follicle, capillary beds around

Hormone stored in follicle, signal, cells resorbed, then release to capillaries

97
Q

Mixed glands

A

Both endo and exocrine - pancreas, testes, ovary, liver

DEN 7101F - Human Structure and Function (23 decks)

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