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Biology 2 Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the primary storage polysaccharide in fungus

A

glycogen

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2
Q

in most fungi, karagomy does not immediately plasmogamy, which means

A
  • fusion of cytoplasm occurs without immediate fusion of nuclei
  • results in cell containing two distinct nuclei/dikaryotic cells
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3
Q

in what order do fungi process food compared to animals

A

digest externally
absorption

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4
Q

what happens in the small intestine of animals

A
  • digestion: enzymes (chemical digestion) break particles into smaller components
  • absorption: villi increase the surface area to help absorb particles through cells walls and bloodstream
  • transport: nutrients enter bloodstream and transported to various cells and tissues
  • movement: muscular contraction
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5
Q

all fungi are

A
  • heterotrophic
  • have cells walls with chitin
  • reproduce sexually or asexually through spores
  • have network of hyphae that form mycelium to absorb nutrients
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6
Q

what structure in fungi is for nutrient absorption and is made of thread like filaments

A

hyphae

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7
Q

in plants, what is produced by meiosis

A

haploid spores
- diploid cells in sporophyte generation divide to produce four haploid spores

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8
Q

what type of symbiosis benefits one organism while harming the other

A

parasitism

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9
Q

what is the plant structure that transports water

A

xylem

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10
Q

how do animals with an incomplete digestive track process food

A
  • ingestion thru mouth
  • digestion and absorption occur in central cavity
  • nutrients absorbed directly thru into cells of central cavity
  • undigested food expelled thru same opening (mouth)
  • two way digestive system (one opening)
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11
Q

what is parthenogenesis in animals

A

form of asexual reproduction in which egg develops into organism with fertilized by sperm

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12
Q

what is karyogamy

A
  • fusion of two nuclei
  • follows plasmogamy
  • sexual reproduction
  • two haploid nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus
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13
Q

bacterium living in underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes, what is it

A
  • saprophytic bacteria
  • bacillus, pseudomonas
  • chemoheterotroph
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14
Q

what is/are examples of asexual reproduction in plants

A
  • rhizomes
  • stolon
  • tubers
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15
Q

what is the asexual form of reproduction in animals

A
  • budding
  • fission
  • fragmentation
  • parthenogenesis
  • regeneration
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16
Q

unlike eukaryotes and archaea, bacterial cell walls contain unique substance called

A

peptidoglycan

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17
Q

which component is found in fungal cell walls that provide strength

A

chitin

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18
Q

particular species of protist obtained chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis, you know this because the chloroplast

A

because chloroplast typically have four membranes

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19
Q

mushroom is a reproductive structure that consists largely of dikaryotic cells
true or false

A

true

20
Q

what process do bacteria use for reproduction

A

binary fission

21
Q

which structure allows for nutrient exchange between fungi and plant roots

A

mycorrhizae

22
Q

which feeding process filters small particles from water

A

filter feeding

23
Q

what is the primary function of vascular tissue in plants

A

facilitate transport of water, nutrients, and food throughout the plant

24
Q

which organisms are thought to be most closely related to fungi

A

animals

25
Q

what is an advantage of sexual reproduction in changing environments

A
  • genetic diversity/variation
  • increased adaptability
26
Q

what is the role of exoenzymes in fungal nutrition

A

facilitate breakdown of complex organic materials
- external digestion
- decomposition
- nutrient absorption
- diversity of enzymes

27
Q

how do lichens represent symbiotic relationship with algae

A

algal component:
- performs photosynthesis and shares sugars with lichen

  • algae benefit from protection by fungal component of lichen and lichen gain nutrients
28
Q

animal heterotrophy can be distinguished from fungal heterotrophy in that most animals derive nutrition by

A

ingesting it

29
Q

what type of reproduction gives identical offspring

A

asexual

30
Q

what process is unique to photosynthetic organisms

A
  • photosynthesis
  • photophosphorylation
  • carbon fixation
  • production of oxygen
31
Q

what distinguishes protostomes and deuterostomes

A
  • protostomes mouth forms first then anus, this is the opposite for deuterostomes
  • protostomes have spiral cleavage and deuterostomes have radial cleavage
  • Devlopment of each cell is fixed in protostomes and in deuterostomes have different cell types
  • the body cavity on protostomes form by splitting tissue while body forms through pouches that bud off in deuterostomes
32
Q

what are the basics of mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • essential partners in symbiotic relationships they form with roots of plants
  • provide ability to absorb more water, nutrients, and minerals for plants
  • improve soil structure
33
Q

in process of alternation of generation, which generation is haploid or diploid and what does it produce

A

Gametophyte
- haploid
- produces gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis

Sporophyte
- diploid
- produces spores by meiosis

34
Q

what circulatory system is best for large animals

A

closed

35
Q

are seeds also referred to as spores
true or false

A

false

36
Q

what is the main difference between suspension and deposit feeders/feeding

A

Suspension feeders filter small food particles from the water column, while deposit feeders consume organic material from the substrate (soil or sand)

37
Q

what kingdom or domain are prokaryotes in

A

bacteria and archaea

38
Q

long, branching fungal filaments are what

A

hyphae
- found in forms of mycelium

39
Q

what is the distinguishing factor of chemotrophs vs autotrophs

A

chemotrophs
- energy source obtained from oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds
- carbon source= use CO2 or C

autotrophs
- energy source= from sunlight
- carbon source= inorganic carbon (CO2)

40
Q

what are the fungi called that absorb nutrients from decaying plant matter

A

saprophytic

41
Q

in fungi, a diploid zygote is formed when male spore fertilizes female spore
true or false

A

false

42
Q

how do biologists put fungi into the four main groups (what is it based on)

A

sexual reproductive structures

43
Q

what stage of basidiomycetes life cycle would reproduction be halted if enzyme prevented fusion of hyphae was introduced

A

plasmogamy

44
Q

where do chemotrophic bacteria get their carbon and energy source from

A

energy= oxidation of electron donors
carbon= organic and inorganic compounds

45
Q

where do the light capturing reactions of photosynthesis take place in plants

A

thylakoid membranes

46
Q

what fact explains why most plants will grow a lot faster when they can from mycorrhizal associations with fungi

A
  • enhanced nutrient absorption
  • increase access to water
  • improve soil structure
  • protect plants from pathogens
  • increased growth hormones

Biology 2 Lecture (16 decks)

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