Chemoheterotroph in Multicellular organism (fungi) Flashcards
what are the cell walls of fungi made of
Kyten
what do fungi eat
- consumers
- saprobes
- mutualists and symbioses
what is the structure of fungi
- single cell
- multicellular (surface area volume ratio and hyphae)
saprobes
eat dead, organic matter
what do unicellular fungi look like
- ball form
- called yeasts
- function like eukaryotes to gain energy
what do multicellular fungi look like
- veins or branches
- mycelium
how do fungi get food into cells
- cell walls
- digest food outside of body
- digestion precedes ingestion
- exoenzymes transported out of hyphae
- smaller molecules are absorbed through surface area of mycelium
- carbon-nitrogen released
what are the exoenzymes able to do to the insoluble polysaccharides
break them down into absorbable glucose
what are fungi the primary decomposers of
lignin in wood
how do they move food and nutrients
- mycelium and repro structure
- hyphae
- unusual cell bodies
what are the two unusual cell bodies of fungi
- septa
- coenocytic
septa
have continuous fluid running through them
- multicellular
- hyphae divided into compartments (pores)
coenocytic
have continuous hyphae with no septa
- long, thin hyphae
mycorrhizal fungi
- grow in or outside of roots
- symbiotic
- fungi gaining extra food
- fungi produced extra enzymes for plant
- hyphae 10x smaller so fungi is able to access nutrients plant can’t get on own
lichens
between photosynthesizing organism and fungi
how can fungi be disadvantageous
cause disease in humans and crops (crop loss or spoilage)
how can fungi be beneficial
can nourish plants
mycorrhizal
describes fungus that lives symbolically with roots of vascular plants
what are some of the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi
- increase growth
- enhance resistance to bacterial disease
saprophytes
organism that feeds primarily on dead plant material
what role do fungi play with carbon
cycling carbon atoms through terrestrial ecosystem
- connect the two parts of the carbon cycle
what are the two components of the carbon cycle on land
- fixation of carbon by land plants
- release of CO2 from organisms
what are the filaments that make up mycelium
hyphae
coenocytic
not divided into separate cells and lack septa entirely
what do mycelia have
- large surface area making them efficient at absorbing nutrients
spores
reproductive structure of fungi
- sexual or asexual
what are the four types of reproductive structures a sexually reproducing fungi can produce
- swimming gametes and spores: have flagella
- zygosporangia: hyphae fuse
- basidia: basidium form from mushrooms, brackets, and puffballs
- asci: formed by cups and morels; sac-like
conidia
- asexual spores
- formed by mitotic divisions
who are fungi closely related to
animals
what are the 3 key morphological traits that link animals and fungi
- synthesize tough, structural material called chitin
- flagella in chytrid spores (fungi) and chytrids (animals) are singular
- store food by synthesizing polysaccharide glycogen
fungicides
substances that can kill fungi or slow their growth
what is the relationship between plants and fungi
symbiotic
mutualistic
benefit both species
parasitic
one species benefits at the others expense
commensal
one species benefits while the other is unaffected
what are the two types of mycorrhizae
- ectomycorrhizal: hyphae form dense network that covers host plant’s roots but don’t enter root cells
- arbuscular: hyphae enter root cells of host plants
what do the hyphae of EMF do
discover, excavate, and deliver nitrogen and phosphorus to trees
what is they key point to AMF
hyphae penetrate cell wall and make direct contact with plasma membrane of root cells
- increase surface area
endophytes
organisms that live between and within plant cells
- for fungi, this is with roots or aboveground tissues of plants
what are some jobs of endophytes
- increase drought tolerance
- produce beneficial compounds attacking herbivores
what are some adaptations for fungi to be such effective decomposers
- extracellular digestion: digestion takes place outside body
- lignin degradation: degrade lignin matrix to get access to cellulose
- cellulose digestion
what is the most fundamental reproductive cell in fungi
spores
how do fungi have multiple mating types
the mating types function as sexes, can have many sexes
- promotes genetic diversity
what are some of the ways fertilization occurs
- both male and female gametes are motile
1. fusion of hyphae
2. fusion of nuclei from fused hyphae
plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm of 2 individuals
how does the process of sexual reproduction begin
hyphae of two different mating types grow near each other and fuse to form hybrid cell
heterokaryotic
fungal mycelium haploid nuclei that are genetically distinct
dikaryotic
fungal mycelium or hypha made up of cells containing 2 genetically distinct haploid nuclei
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
how does asexual reproduction work
spore forming structures produced by haploid mycelium and spores generated by mitosis
- offspring are clones
- carried and dispersed by wind
chytrid life cycle
- alternation of generations
- haploid adults from gametangia and male and female gametes produced
- gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
- zygote grows by mitosis into diploid sporophytic mycelium
- meiosis occurs
- haploid spores produced by swimming and each grows into haploid gametophytic mycelium
zygomycete life cycle
- plasmogamy forms spore-forming structure that develops tough, resistant coat
- nuclei from mating partners fuse
- meiosis occurs and form sporangium
- germination
basidiomycete life cycle
- club shaped, spore producing cells (basidia) form at ends of dikaryotic hyphae
- diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and yields four haploid spores
- spores ejected from end of basidia and dispersed by wind
ascomycete life cycle
- hyphae from different mating types fuse
- short dikaryotic hyphae with two nuclei grows into complex repro structure with asci at their tips
- meiosis and mitosis occur resulting in eight haploid spores
- spores ejected
