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Biology 2 Lecture > Chemoheterotroph in Multicellular organism (fungi) > Flashcards

Chemoheterotroph in Multicellular organism (fungi) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made of

A

Kyten

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2
Q

what do fungi eat

A
  • consumers
  • saprobes
  • mutualists and symbioses
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3
Q

what is the structure of fungi

A
  • single cell
  • multicellular (surface area volume ratio and hyphae)
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4
Q

saprobes

A

eat dead, organic matter

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5
Q

what do unicellular fungi look like

A
  • ball form
  • called yeasts
  • function like eukaryotes to gain energy
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6
Q

what do multicellular fungi look like

A
  • veins or branches
  • mycelium
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7
Q

how do fungi get food into cells

A
  • cell walls
  • digest food outside of body
  • digestion precedes ingestion
  • exoenzymes transported out of hyphae
  • smaller molecules are absorbed through surface area of mycelium
  • carbon-nitrogen released
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8
Q

what are the exoenzymes able to do to the insoluble polysaccharides

A

break them down into absorbable glucose

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9
Q

what are fungi the primary decomposers of

A

lignin in wood

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10
Q

how do they move food and nutrients

A
  • mycelium and repro structure
  • hyphae
  • unusual cell bodies
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11
Q

what are the two unusual cell bodies of fungi

A
  • septa
  • coenocytic
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12
Q

septa

A

have continuous fluid running through them
- multicellular
- hyphae divided into compartments (pores)

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13
Q

coenocytic

A

have continuous hyphae with no septa
- long, thin hyphae

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14
Q

mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • grow in or outside of roots
  • symbiotic
  • fungi gaining extra food
  • fungi produced extra enzymes for plant
  • hyphae 10x smaller so fungi is able to access nutrients plant can’t get on own
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15
Q

lichens

A

between photosynthesizing organism and fungi

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16
Q

how can fungi be disadvantageous

A

cause disease in humans and crops (crop loss or spoilage)

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17
Q

how can fungi be beneficial

A

can nourish plants

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18
Q

mycorrhizal

A

describes fungus that lives symbolically with roots of vascular plants

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19
Q

what are some of the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi

A
  • increase growth
  • enhance resistance to bacterial disease
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20
Q

saprophytes

A

organism that feeds primarily on dead plant material

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21
Q

what role do fungi play with carbon

A

cycling carbon atoms through terrestrial ecosystem
- connect the two parts of the carbon cycle

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22
Q

what are the two components of the carbon cycle on land

A
  1. fixation of carbon by land plants
  2. release of CO2 from organisms
23
Q

what are the filaments that make up mycelium

A

hyphae

24
Q

coenocytic

A

not divided into separate cells and lack septa entirely

25
Q

what do mycelia have

A
  • large surface area making them efficient at absorbing nutrients
26
Q

spores

A

reproductive structure of fungi
- sexual or asexual

27
Q

what are the four types of reproductive structures a sexually reproducing fungi can produce

A
  1. swimming gametes and spores: have flagella
  2. zygosporangia: hyphae fuse
  3. basidia: basidium form from mushrooms, brackets, and puffballs
  4. asci: formed by cups and morels; sac-like
28
Q

conidia

A
  • asexual spores
  • formed by mitotic divisions
29
Q

who are fungi closely related to

A

animals

30
Q

what are the 3 key morphological traits that link animals and fungi

A
  1. synthesize tough, structural material called chitin
  2. flagella in chytrid spores (fungi) and chytrids (animals) are singular
  3. store food by synthesizing polysaccharide glycogen
31
Q

fungicides

A

substances that can kill fungi or slow their growth

32
Q

what is the relationship between plants and fungi

A

symbiotic

33
Q

mutualistic

A

benefit both species

34
Q

parasitic

A

one species benefits at the others expense

35
Q

commensal

A

one species benefits while the other is unaffected

36
Q

what are the two types of mycorrhizae

A
  1. ectomycorrhizal: hyphae form dense network that covers host plant’s roots but don’t enter root cells
  2. arbuscular: hyphae enter root cells of host plants
37
Q

what do the hyphae of EMF do

A

discover, excavate, and deliver nitrogen and phosphorus to trees

38
Q

what is they key point to AMF

A

hyphae penetrate cell wall and make direct contact with plasma membrane of root cells
- increase surface area

39
Q

endophytes

A

organisms that live between and within plant cells
- for fungi, this is with roots or aboveground tissues of plants

40
Q

what are some jobs of endophytes

A
  • increase drought tolerance
  • produce beneficial compounds attacking herbivores
41
Q

what are some adaptations for fungi to be such effective decomposers

A
  • extracellular digestion: digestion takes place outside body
  • lignin degradation: degrade lignin matrix to get access to cellulose
  • cellulose digestion
42
Q

what is the most fundamental reproductive cell in fungi

A

spores

43
Q

how do fungi have multiple mating types

A

the mating types function as sexes, can have many sexes
- promotes genetic diversity

44
Q

what are some of the ways fertilization occurs

A
  • both male and female gametes are motile
    1. fusion of hyphae
    2. fusion of nuclei from fused hyphae
45
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm of 2 individuals

46
Q

how does the process of sexual reproduction begin

A

hyphae of two different mating types grow near each other and fuse to form hybrid cell

47
Q

heterokaryotic

A

fungal mycelium haploid nuclei that are genetically distinct

48
Q

dikaryotic

A

fungal mycelium or hypha made up of cells containing 2 genetically distinct haploid nuclei

49
Q

karyogamy

A

fusion of nuclei

50
Q

how does asexual reproduction work

A

spore forming structures produced by haploid mycelium and spores generated by mitosis
- offspring are clones
- carried and dispersed by wind

51
Q

chytrid life cycle

A
  • alternation of generations
  • haploid adults from gametangia and male and female gametes produced
  • gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
  • zygote grows by mitosis into diploid sporophytic mycelium
  • meiosis occurs
  • haploid spores produced by swimming and each grows into haploid gametophytic mycelium
52
Q

zygomycete life cycle

A
  • plasmogamy forms spore-forming structure that develops tough, resistant coat
  • nuclei from mating partners fuse
  • meiosis occurs and form sporangium
  • germination
53
Q

basidiomycete life cycle

A
  • club shaped, spore producing cells (basidia) form at ends of dikaryotic hyphae
  • diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and yields four haploid spores
  • spores ejected from end of basidia and dispersed by wind
54
Q

ascomycete life cycle

A
  • hyphae from different mating types fuse
  • short dikaryotic hyphae with two nuclei grows into complex repro structure with asci at their tips
  • meiosis and mitosis occur resulting in eight haploid spores
  • spores ejected

Biology 2 Lecture (16 decks)

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